二战全史（1973）

The World At War S01E13

Part 1 June 6, 2022, 8:34 a.m.

温斯顿·丘吉尔曾经告诉斯大林:
Winston Churchill once told Stalin:
"地中海是鳄鱼柔软的下腹"
"The Mediterranean is the soft
underbelly of the crocodile."
丘吉尔和英国的参谋长们确信
Churchill and the British
Chiefs of Staff were sure
通过意大利进攻被德国占领
的欧洲将帮助缩短战争
that attacking German-occupied Europe
through ltaly would help shorten the war.
美国人未被说服,
The Americans were not convinced,
他们更倾向于集中力量越过
英吉利海峡发动决定性的一击
preferring to concentrate on the decisive
blow across the English Channel.
他们只是勉强才同意和他们的
英国盟友一起踏上去罗马的征途
Only reluctantly did they agree to join
their British allies on the road to Rome.
1942年11月
November, 1942.
珍珠港事件11个月后,
11 months after Pearl Harbour,
美军准备好了与德国国防军的第一次遭遇
the American army prepared for its
first encounter with the Wehrmacht.
火炬行动...英美在法属北非殖民地
摩洛哥和阿尔及利亚登陆行动的代号♥
Operation Torch... codename for the Anglo-American landings
in the French North African colonies of Morocco and Algeria.
他们遇到了维希法国部队
的极小或没有抵抗
They met little or no resistance
from the forces of Vichy France.
法国指挥部很快与贝当政♥府♥决裂
The French command soon broke
with the government of Pétain
他们的部队也成为盟军的一部分
and their troops became
part of the Allied army.
一位美国将军,德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔,
是最高指挥官
An American general,Dwight D Eisenhower,
was supreme commander.
美国(战争)规划者们
从不热衷于(策划)行动,
The American planners
were never keen on the operation,
但罗斯福总统决心在1942年将他的
地面部队投入与希♥特♥勒♥的作战中
but President Roosevelt was determined to get his
ground forces into action against Hitler in 1942.
在突尼斯进攻德国人是仅次于
在欧洲开辟第二战场的最好事情
Attacking the Germans in Tunisia was the next
best thing to a second front in Europe.
在卡萨布兰卡,在登陆的两个月后,
At Casablanca,within two
months of the landings,
令人印象深刻的一大批英国
和美国最高级官员聚集到一起
an impressive array of British
and American top brass assembled.
俄♥国♥人不在场,
The Russians were not present,
但那儿的每个人都知道
他们必须做点什么来分担红军的压力
but everybody there knew they had to do something
to take the pressure off the Red Army.
丘吉尔和罗斯福现在必须决定
接下来他们去哪里
Churchill and Roosevelt had now to
decide where they went from here.
1943年初,
At the beginning of 1943,
英国人和美国人在北非站稳了脚跟
the British and Americans
were firmly established in North Africa.
希♥特♥勒♥增援了在突尼斯的隆美尔的部队,
Hitler had reinforced
Rommel's forces in Tunisia,
但随着英国第八军从东面逼近,
but with the British Eighth Army
closing from the east,
整个非洲海岸线落入盟军手中只是个时间问题
it could only be a matter of time before the
entire African coastline was in Allied hands.
然后怎么办？
What then?
我们必须面对这个现实那就是双方在战争
应采取什么未来战略上存在很大的区别
We've got to face the fact that there was a big
difference between the two sides about what
the future strategy of the war would be.
(肯尼斯·斯壮将军艾森豪威尔的情报参谋)
英国人,英国参谋长们,丘吉尔,
The British, the British
Chiefs of Staff, Churchill,
都赞同未来的战役应通过意大利进行
were all in favour of the future of the
campaign being carried out through ltaly
并打击德国人下腹的下部,
and hitting at the underside
of the underbelly of the Germans,
向上移♥动♥并最终与俄♥国♥人汇合
moving up and eventually joining up
with the Russians.
美国人持有完全相反的看法
The Americans held
exactly the opposite view.
他们感觉你能打败德国的唯一办法
They felt the only way
that you could defeat Germany
就是取最近的路直插德国中心,穿过(英吉利)海峡,
was to take the shortest way into the
centre of Germany, across the Channel,
并推进至鲁尔和萨尔地区,这些大工业区,
and advance into the areas of the Ruhr
and Saar,the great industrial areas,
然后用那种方法消灭德国部队
and then destroy the German forces
by that means.
由帝国总参谋长,艾伦·布鲁克爵士领导的英国人,
The British,led by Sir Alan Brooke,
Chief of the lmperial General Staff,
带着一定要按他们方案行动的决心
来到卡萨布兰卡他们如愿了
came to Casablanca determined
to have their way. They got it.
由马歇尔领导的美国人被说服
下个目标将是入侵西西里,
The Americans, under General Marshall,were persuaded
that the next objective would be the invasion of Sicily,
并希望这能导致意大利的投降
leading, it was hoped,
to the surrender of ltaly.
这样主要的第二战场又被推迟了一年
Thus the main second front
was postponed for another year.
然而当时从卡萨布兰卡会议传出的大新闻
是美国总统作出的一个令人意外的宣言
At the time, however, the big news from
the Casablanca conference was an unexpected
pronouncement by the American president.
罗斯福先生开头说道当他还是个年轻人时
Mr Roosevelt began by saying
that when he was a young man
美国♥军♥事家中最富盛名的是格兰特将军,
the great reputation in the American
military was General Grant,
(德鲁·米德尔顿战地记者)
他曾下过一道命令说他除了无条件投降外不接受任何条件,
who had once sent an order saying that he would
accept no terms but unconditional surrender,
这些事实上也是同盟国,或联♥合♥国♥,
想要向它们的敌人提出的条件
and that these in fact were the terms
that the Allies, or the United Nations,
wanted to present to their enemies.
然后他继续说下去仿佛他
不清楚他所作的声明有多重要
He then went on as though he did not understand
how important a statement he had made.
丘吉尔先生看来对此相当惊讶
Mr Churchill looked
considerably surprised at this.
我认为丘吉尔先生感觉
And I think that Mr Churchill felt that
把盟国的立场呈现给敌人不是最好的办法
it was not the best way to present
the Allied position to the enemy.
然而,就象他那时和后来说的那样,
他是罗斯福先生的热心副手
However, as he said then and later,
he was Mr Roosevelt's ardent lieutenant
而且他会赞同这个宣言
and he would go along with it.
会谈后,罗斯福以他另一个身份出现...
After the talking, Roosevelt
appeared in his other capacity...
美国武装部队总司令
commander in chief
of the American armed forces.
如果这支新到的看来自信满满的美国♥军♥队
越过大西洋期望能所向披靡的话,
If this fresh confident-looking American army had
crossed the Atlantic expecting to carry all before it,
那它很快就被残酷地打破了幻想
it was very soon cruelly disillusioned.
在穿过位于突尼斯的凯塞林
隘口进行的一次突然猛攻中,
In a sudden onslaught through
the Kassarine Pass in Tunisia,
隆美尔使美军遭受了
整场战争中最惨痛的失败之一
Rommel inflicted on the American army
one of its worst defeats of the entire war.
对装甲很薄,火力也不足的美国坦克来说
非洲军团的装备好出太多,经验也高出太多
The Afrikakorps was far too well-equipped
and experienced for the lightly armoured
and underpowered American tanks.
这些没有经验的年轻美国人
的士气被严重动摇了
The morale of these raw young
Americans was badly shaken.
许多人被俘虏
Many were taken prisoner.
这让部队面对这样一个现实
那就是这将是一场漫长的战争
(Middleton) It brought the troops face to face
with the fact that this was going to be a long war
而且是一场艰苦的战争
而德国人非常厉害
and a tough one and
the Germans were very good.
军队从来不从其他军队那里
吸取教训,他们不得不自己学会,
Armies never learn from other armies,
they have to learn by themselves,
我们在凯塞林(隘口)灾难性地使用的许多战术
and a lot of the tactics that
we used disastrously at Kassarine
就是英军两年前在西部沙漠同样
灾难性地使用,然后摈弃的那些(战术)
were those that the British army had used
equally disastrously two years before in
the western desert, then discarded.
我想这帮助了我们的军队
这也使他们意识到,
l think it helped our army
and it also made them realise,
由于英国人从北面下来并帮了很大忙,
because the British came down
from the north and did help,
这将是一次合作的努力,
我们不可能独自赢得战争
that this was going to be a cooperative
effort, that we couldn't win it alone.
还有,这使普通大兵习惯于
一场战斗后还有一场的事实
And also, it got the average GI accustomed to the fact
that there was going to be one battle after another.
但隆美尔缺乏力量来利用他的胜利
But Rommel lacked the strength
to exploit his victory.
在(英国元帅)亚历山大指挥下的盟军,
重整队伍并在十天后夺回(凯塞林)通道
The Allies, under Alexander, regrouped
and within ten days retook the path.
在突尼斯的德国人现在被包围了
The Germans in Tunisia
were now hemmed in.
盟军对海岸线的海空封锁
使大规模撤离变得不可能
The Allied sea and air blockade of the coastline