二战全史（1973）

The World At War S01E03

Part 1 June 6, 2022, 8:32 a.m.

今天(这些是)被弃置的怪物,
Forlorn monsters today,
在1940年5月,这些马奇诺防线上的堡垒
in May 1940,
these forts of the Maginot line
是法国人抵御德国人的第一道防线
were France's first-line defence
against the Germans.
50万法国士兵潜伏在这些人造山之下
Half a million French soldiers
lurked beneath these man-made hills.
这是有史以来建造过的
最长的,最复杂的堡垒
These were the most extensive,the most
elaborate forts ever constructed.
这里枪炮将使匈奴人停下来...
Here the guns would halt the Hun...
倘若匈奴人从这个方向打过来
provided the Hun came this way.
"为了(我们有)法国陆军感谢上帝,"
"Thank God for the French army,"
当希♥特♥勒♥上台时温斯顿·丘吉尔说道
said Winston Churchill
when Hitler came to power.
但在1933年
But in 1933
法国陆军不再是那把曾一度是最优秀的武器了
the French army was no longer
the superlative weapon it once had been.
法国♥军♥事手册把一页又一页
的内容奉献给了一次大战的战术,
French military manuals devoted page after
page to the tactics of the First War,
尽管希♥特♥勒♥已说过,"下次战争
将和上次有非常大的不同"
although Hitler had said, "The next war
will be very different from the last."
法国人曾帮助引进坦克和飞机,
The French had helped introduce
the tank and the aeroplane,
但现在却没做什么来拓展他们的用途
but now did little to extend their use.
他们最早在战争中使用摩托化运输工具,
They had pioneered motor transport
in warfare,
但现在回到了依赖铁路和马匹...
but went back now
to relying on railways and the horse...
尤其是马匹
especially the horse.
这是一段非常衰败的时期,
lt was a period
of very deep decay,
可能是由于一次大战期间
过分努力导致的
probably caused by the excess of effort
during the First World War.
我们患了一种不只有法国人得的病...
We suffered from an illness
which is not peculiar to the French...
曾经取得胜利的病
the illness of having been victorious
相信我们是正确的而且非常聪明
and believing that we were right
and very clever.
胜利是一个非常危险的机会
Victory is a very dangerous opportunity.
(chanting in French)
在(第一次和第二次)大战之间的法国严重分♥裂♥
France between the wars
was deeply divided.
派系冲突,联盟易帜,内阁层叠往替,
Factions clashed, alliances altered,
cabinets came and went in the cascade,
有的(内阁)只持续几个小时,
有的几个月
some lasting a few hours,
some a few months.
很少有一个能做满一整年的
Rarely did one last a whole year.
就在希♥特♥勒♥上台的那一天
法国没有政♥府♥
On the very day Hitler came to power
France was without a government.
当五年后他开进奥地利时,
法国又一次没有政♥府♥
lt was again without one when he
marched into Austria five years later.
法国的左翼更担心
The Left in France
was concerned more
国内位居高♥官♥的流氓政客,
with hounding rogues
in high places at home,
而不是抑制其他地方的法♥西♥斯♥主义
than curbing fascism elsewhere.
右翼则是如此仇恨左翼
The Right so hated the Left
它准备支持独♥裁♥
it was prepared to countenance
dictatorship.
早在1934年,凡尔登战役的胜利者贝当元帅,
As early as 1934
the victor of Verdun, Marshal Pétain,
就被提名为免使法国落入共♥产♥主义的救星
was proposed as France's saviour
from communism,
尽管当时他已经年近80了
although he was then nearly 80.
当法国面临需要重整军备时,
这些深刻的分歧将束缚她的手脚
These deep divisions were to fetter France
when she faced the need to re-arm.
整个支配阶级,
The whole of the possessing classes,
你也可以说是右翼,
the Right if you like,
比起他们自己的共♥产♥党人
更喜欢德国人的想法
preferred the idea of the Germans
to their own communists.
你在这些街上不用走多远
You didn't have to walk round
these streets
就可以看到街头上写着"为谁和为什么",
and see "pour qui et pourquoi"
written on them,
或者锤子和镰刀,意识到没人会尽举手之劳
or the hammer and sickle, to realise
nobody was going to lift a finger.
法国在30年代沿着她和德国
的边界建造了一系列大堡垒
France in the '30s built a series of great
forts along her frontier with Germany,
因为当时她(法国)的战争部长
恰好是一个叫安德列·马奇诺的人,
and because her war minister
then happened to be one André Maginot,
这些堡垒就被人称为马奇诺防线
these forts came to be known
as the Maginot line.
马奇诺堡垒是真正的20世纪奇迹
The Maginot forts
were truly 20th-century wonders.
电动火车把部队从兵营运到炮塔,
Electric trains took the troops
from barracks to gun turret,
从军♥火♥库运到餐厅
from arsenal to canteen.
地下有电影院,日照室,空调,
There were cinemas underground,
sun-ray rooms, air conditioning,
应有尽有
the lot.
他们的(马奇诺防线)是一个巨大的儒勒·凡尔纳
(笔下)的那种世界在地下数百英尺
Theirs was a vast Jules Verne type of
world hundreds of feet below ground.
他们称之为"法兰西之盾"
They called it The Shield of France.
马奇诺防线没能保护
法国所有的东翼
The Maginot line failed to protect
all of France's eastern flank.
它只有87英里长
lt was only 87 miles long
它在离(英吉利)海峡
还有250英里的地方停住了
and it stopped 250 miles
short of the Channel.
要是严酷的现实使警钟不得不鸣响,
Should the alarm
ever have to sound in grim earnest,
法国的战略家争辩称
French strategists argued that
他们的部队将需要,如果不是在德国,
就是在比利时的土地上面对德国人
their troops would need to confront the
Germans on Belgian, if not German, soil.
另外,把马奇诺防线沿着比利时边境延伸
Besides, to extend the Maginot line
along the Belgian frontier
会不仅昂贵,
would not only be expensive,
而且会使比利时人认为
如果战争来临,法国会抛弃他们.
but would make the Belgians think that
if war came, France would forsake them.
这种想法的愚蠢在1936年显露无遗
The folly of this thinking
was shown up in 1936
当时,在没跟法国商量的情况下,
when, without consulting the French,
比利时国王里奥波德就选择中立
the Belgian King Leopold
opted for neutrality
并关闭了他的边境,
甚至对法国♥军♥事观察员也不例外.
and closed his borders,
even to French military observers.
法国终于开始把马奇诺防线
向海边延伸,不过已经太晚了
All too late France began extending
the Maginot line to the sea.
到1940年5月该工程还远未完工
But by May 1940
it was far from finished.
(shouting in French)
法国在一次大战中遭受了
可怕的人员损失
France had suffered a terrible
loss of life in the Great War.
现在法国的军事思想变为完全防御性的,
Now French military thinking
became wholly defensive,
忘记了拿破仑最喜欢的格言:
forgetting Napoleon's favourite maxim:
"待在其堡垒内的一方注定被打败."
"The side that stays
within its fortifications is beaten."
由于法国人摈弃了任何发动进攻的概念,
Since the French spurned any notion
of taking the offensive,
马奇诺防线讽刺性地更好地
保护了德国而不是法国
the Maginot line ironically protected
Germany better than it protected France.
一位德国上校,海因茨·古德里安,
在马奇诺防线完工的那一年,
A German colonel, Heinz Guderian,
the year the Maginot line was completed,
出版了一本带有预言性名字的书:
注意坦克
published a book with a prophetic title:
Achtung Panzer.
这本书从未被法国或英国
的总参谋部适当地研究过,
A book never properly studied by
the French or English general staff,
但里面详细论述了一种新的战争型态...
yet these pages expound
a new kind of warfare...
在步兵和空军近距离支援下
集中使用坦克:
the concentrated use of tanks with
infantry and air force in close support:
闪击战
Blitzkrieg.
我们在一次大战就有了坦克,
We had had tanks
in the First World War,
我们知道使用坦克的所有困难,
we knew all the difficulties
of the game,
而没有坦克的德国人,
while the Germans,
who didn't have them,
有着那些被坦克攻击的人的感受
had the feeling of those