二战全史（1973）

The World At War S01E24

Part 3 June 6, 2022, 8:35 a.m.

Truman now faced two major problems:
如何在欧洲应付俄♥国♥人,
how to deal with the Russians in Europe,
以及是否要求他们兑现他们加入对日战争的承诺
and whether to ask them to fulfil their
pledge to join the war against Japan.
在德国,俄♥国♥的和西方的部队互相敬酒,
ln Germany, Russian and Western
troops exchanged toasts,
但丘吉尔已经在给杜鲁门发送紧急信息
but already Churchill was sending
urgent messages to Truman
警告说一张铁幕正在欧洲被俄♥国♥拉下
warning that an iron curtain was being
drawn down in Europe by Russia.
"三巨头"必须赶在,如他所说,
"民♥主♥的军队消失"之前迅速会面
The "big three" must meet quickly before,
as he put it,"the armies of democracy melted".
而杜鲁门有了一个新国务卿,詹姆斯·伯恩斯
And Truman had a new secretary
of state, James Byrnes.
伯恩斯想要在俄♥国♥人能加入(对日战争)并在亚洲
也给西方国家造成麻烦前结束对日本的战争
Byrnes wanted to finish the war against Japan
before the Russians could join in and cause
problems for the West in Asia, too.
在我的脑海中一直存在这个想法那就是我们应该
在俄♥国♥人介入前结束这场战争这一点是很重要的
lt was ever-present in my mind that it was
important that we should have an end to
the war before the Russians came in.
但史汀生想要在原♥子♥弹♥准备好之前
避免在欧洲或远东作出草率的决定
But Stimson wanted to avoid hasty decisions in
Europe or the Far East before the bomb was ready.
他写信给杜鲁门:"在任何这种纠缠交织的问题中,
He wrote to Truman: "Over any
such tangled weave of problems,
原子秘密将是占首位的"
the atomic secret would be dominant."
"在外交中进行这么大赌注的赌博不把你的
王牌捏在你的手里似乎是件很糟糕的事情"
"It seems a terrible thing to gamble
with such big stakes in diplomacy without
having your master card in your hand."
杜鲁门让史汀生放心...
Truman reassured Stimson...
"三巨头"会议被故意推迟到
7月15日"以给我们更多的时间"
the "big three" meeting was postponed until
July 15 on purpose "to give us more time".
哈里·霍普金斯,得到斯大林信任的罗斯福的密友,
Harry Hopkins, Roosevelt's
close friend whom Stalin trusted,
在5月底被派往莫斯科给波兰问题暂时降降温
was sent to Moscow at the end of May to take
the heat temporarily out of the Polish issue.
他回报说他已经平息了事情
He reported back that he
had smoothed things over.
斯大林也已自发地保证在8月8日加入对日战争
Stalin had also promised...unprompted...
to join the war against Japan on August 8.
当霍普金斯还在莫斯科,史汀生的委员会得出了结论
While Hopkins was in Moscow,Stimson's
committee reached its decision.
这个研究原♥子♥弹♥的委员会一致建议
它应该尽快地,没有警告地,
The committee studying the atomic bomb unanimously recommended
that it be used as soon as possible, without warning,
被用来对付一个主要的日本军事机构
against a major Japanese military establishment.
只有这样,史汀生认为,
Only this, Stimson thought,
才能造成一种可能导致日本投降的心理冲击
would provide the psychological blow
which might induce Japan to surrender.
尽管他同意杜鲁门的一些顾问(的这个建议) 即日本人
应被下达一个明确表明他们能保留天♥皇♥的最后通牒,
Although he agreed with some of Truman's advisers
that the Japanese should be given an ultimatum
which made it clear they could keep the emperor,
但在原♥子♥弹♥至少被试验之前
他反对宣布这个(最后通牒)
he opposed announcing this until
after the bomb had at least been tested.
但在战后他写道,
But after the war he wrote,
"根据最终的投降来看,的确有可能,
"lt is possible,in the light
of the final surrender,
一次更明确和更早的表达美国愿意保留
天♥皇♥的阐述可能使得战争更早结束"
that a clearer and earlier exposition of American
willingness to retain the emperor could have
produced an earlier ending of the war."
6月18日:华盛顿
June 18: Washington.
在他取得欧洲的胜利后艾森豪威尔
将军受到了英雄般的欢迎
General Eisenhower is given a hero's
welcome after his victory in Europe.
那一天在白宫,
In the White House that day,
杜鲁门被要求批准他的参谋长
联席会议在11月入侵日本的计划
Truman is asked to approve his joint chiefs
of staff's plans to invade Japan in November.
我们收起我们的文件并开始出门,
We gathered up our papers
and started to go out,
(约翰·麦克洛伊助理战争部长 1945 战后任世界银行行长)
杜鲁门先生注意到了我并说:
and Mr Truman spotted me and said:
"麦克洛伊先生,不表达他自己的观点谁也不能
离开这个房♥间...其他人都已经(说了他们的意见)"
"Mr McCloy, nobody gets out of this room
without expressing himself...everybody else has."
"你觉得我有任何其他选择吗?"
"Do you think I have any other alternative?"
我朝史汀生上校看过去...
他总喜欢被人叫作上校...
l looked over at Colonel Stimson...
he always liked to be called Colonel...
他在一次大战中是一个团的上校(团长),
而不喜欢被人叫作"部长"...
he'd been colonel of a regiment
in World War I,rather than Secretary...
我朝史汀生看过去他点点头,他说,"说吧"
I looked over at Stimson
and he nodded, he said, "Go ahead."
所以我开始说了,我说我认为
So I started in, and I said that I thought that
如果我们这时候不开始考虑这场战争的政♥治♥结束而只
考虑军事结束的话我们应该去把我们的脑子检查检查
we ought to have our heads examined if we didn't,
at this point,begin to think in terms of a political
culmination of the war rather than a military one.
我说我会给他们一些条件...
And I said I'd give them some terms...
我会传递一条信息给他们,
我会把(投降)条件具体讲清楚
I'd send a message over to them,I'd spell
out the terms just about what they were.
我记得杜鲁门先生说,"嗯,那
你的条件是什么? 你会怎么做?"
And I remember Mr.Truman said, "Well,
what are your terms? What would you do?"
当时我对投降条件的实际用词还没什么准备,
l hadn't quite prepared for the actual dictation
of the surrender terms at that point,
但我开始说起来我说,
but I started in and I said,
"首先,我会说你们能保留天♥皇♥,
"ln the first place,
I'd say you can have the mikado,
但他得是个立宪君主...
but he's got to be
a constitutional monarch...
你们必须得有一个代议制政♥府♥"
you've got to have a representative
form of government."
"你们能够购买♥♥,但不能控制,外国原材料
"You can have access to, but not
control over, foreign raw materials
那样你们能有一个可行的经济..."
我尽我所能解释清楚
so you can have a viable economy..."
l spelled it out as best I could.
"除此之外,我还会说,
我们已拥有了一种新武器,
"And I'd say,besides that,
we've got a new force,
而它是以一种能使战争形态发生
革命性变化的新能源的形式存在的,
and it's in the form of a new type of
energy that will revolutionise warfare,
其毁灭性超乎一切预料"
我说我会提到原♥子♥弹♥
destructive beyond any contemplation."
l said I'd mention the bomb.
嗯,提到原♥子♥弹♥,即使在那个很晚的日子,
在那个经过精心挑选的团体里,就像是...
Well, mentioning the bomb, even at that late
date, in that select group,it was like...
他们全都被震惊了因为它是
如此一个被严格保守的秘密
it was like they were all shocked because
it was such a closely guarded secret.
这就好比在耶鲁大学提到"骷髅会"
(耶鲁一个秘密精英社团)一样,
It was comparable to mentioning
Skull and Bones at Yale,
而这是你不应该做的
which you're not supposed to do.
但杜鲁门先生说, "这是我正试图去触及的那种事...
But Mr Truman said, "This is the sort
of thing I was trying to reach for...
把所有那些条件都讲清楚"
get that all spelled out."
那时史汀生插话了并表示支持我的立场,
At that point Stimson did come in
and joined in support of my position,
不过后来伯恩斯先生,他当时是国务卿,他并不在场,
but then later on Mr Byrnes,who was then
secretary of state,who was not present,
否决了让他们保留天♥皇♥的想法
vetoed the idea of offering them the mikado.
你只能够猜测如果我们用我所指出的这种形式把包括
保留天♥皇♥在内的那些信息传递给日本人,可能会发生些什么
One can only speculate as to what would have
happened if we had put the message to the Japanese
in the form that I indicated,including the mikado.
我总有这种感觉,鉴于我们拥有的一些信息
l always had the feeling, in view of
some of the information we've had since
由于就日本军方一些真正的急性子表现出的倾向而言,
of the tendency on the part of some
of the real military hotheads in Japan,
考虑到这或许是最好的出路,
to think that this was perhaps
the best way out,
我们可能能够避免扔原♥子♥弹♥
that we might have been able
to avoid the dropping of the bomb.
到这时,冲绳战役几乎结束了
By this time,the battle
for Okinawa is almost over.
12,000个美国人阵亡
12,000 Americans had died,
这是入侵本土可能付出的代价的一次血腥预示
a bloody foretaste of what invasion
of the mainland might cost.
对日本人来说,教训还要更严酷
For the Japanese,
the lesson was harsher still.
10万人死亡
100,000 died,
而且,在这场战争中第一次,他们的士兵成千地投降
and, for the first time in the war,
their soldiers surrendered in thousands.
当最后的抵抗在6月22日结束,
As the last resistance ended,on June 22,
新的日本内阁第一次开始采取寻求和平的行动
the new Japanese cabinet made
its first move towards peace.
最终,我们不得不与我们的军事对手...
也就是美国和英国进行谈判
Ultimately,we had to conduct negotiations with our military
opponents...that is to say, America and Britain...
但最高指挥部明确地拒绝考虑
任何开始与敌方进行对话的想法
but the high command refused categorically to entertain
any idea of starting conversations with the enemy powers.
在敌方阵营中剩下的唯一(可对话)的强权就是苏联,
The only great power left out
of the enemy camp was the Soviet Union,
因为名义上(日苏之间)仍然还存在一份中立条约,
because of the fact that nominally