二战全史（1973）

The World At War S01E05

Part 5 June 6, 2022, 8:33 a.m.

我记得,比如,许多被关闭了
很长时间的教堂被开放了
l remember, for instance,a lot of churches
being open that had been shut for a long time.
正是在那种情况下,
In that very situation,
一些其他东西出现在了我们中间...
something else appeared among us...
博罗季诺的传统
the tradition of Borodino.
博罗季诺是拿破仑被打败的地方
Borodino is the place
where Napoleon was defeated.
突然,虔诚的感觉不知从哪里冒出来
And suddenly, religious feeling
just appeared from nowhere
而那帮助人们团结起来
and that helped to unite people.
随着乌克兰被征服
和列♥宁♥格勒被包围,
With the Ukraine subdued
and Leningrad surrounded,
希♥特♥勒♥现在把他的注意力
转向最大的奖赏,
Hitler now turned his attention
to the biggest prize of all,
莫斯科,
Moscow,
一个自战役开始以来他的将军
就一直恳求他占领的目标
something his generals had been beseeching
him to do since the start of the campaign.
41年10月的莫斯科已经是个前沿城市
Moscow in October '41
was already a frontline city.
自8月起德国部队就已离这里仅有200英里,
German troops had been
only 200 miles away since August,
当时希♥特♥勒♥把他的装甲部队向南转移
when Hitler had diverted
his panzers southwards.
(莫斯科)很快就要投降的流言广为流传
Rumours had been rife
of early capitulation.
这个城市已经处于军事管制下很长时间
The city had long been placed
under military rule.
德国空军几乎天天来拜访
Hardly a day went by
without a visit from the Luftwaffe.
莫斯科战役于10月上旬正式开始
The battle for Moscow
began in earnest in early October.
马上,对防御者来说事情就出错了
Straight away,things went
wrong for its defenders.
在两支巨大的钳形攻势下,
In two vast pincer movements,
德国人又俘虏了七十万俄♥国♥部队
the Germans captured
another 700,000 Russian troops.
戈培尔把美国战地记者召唤到柏林
Goebbels summoned American war
correspondents to Berlin
来宣布莫斯科即将陷落
to announce Moscow's impending fall.
我们度过了一个非常美丽的夏天
We had had a very beautiful summer.
毫无问题...天气问题...
或诸如此类的任何事
No problems... climatic problems...
or anything of this sort.
我记得是,大概是10月10日
天开始下雪并变冷
As I remember it, it started snowing
and becoming cold around October 10,
然后我们立即知道我们对即将发生
的事完全没有准备和没有装备
and then we knew immediately that we were totally
unprepared and unequipped for what was lying ahead of us.
当一位装甲指挥官
问他的司令部
When one panzer commander
asked his headquaters
他什么时候可以拿到冬装,
when he could expect winter clothing,
他被告知不要再提出这种不必要的要求
he was told not to make further
unnecessary requests of this type.
在莫斯科下第一场雪的那一天,
On the day the first snows fell
before Moscow,
它的防御者得到了一位新指挥官,
its defenders received a new commander,
朱可夫,一个德国情报机关
认为不值得告诉希♥特♥勒♥的人,
Zhukov, something German intelligence
didn't consider worth telling Hitler,
尽管自9月中旬以来朱可夫就以
巨大的活力领导列♥宁♥格勒的防御
although Zhukov had led Leningrad's defence
with enormous energy since mid-September.
但莫斯科的防御对朱可夫的领导
能力将是一个更大的考验
But Moscow's defence was to be
a bigger test of Zhukov's generalship.
第一场雪很快就融化了,
The first snows soon melted,
把路变成一片沼泽
turning roads into quagmires.
在俄♥国♥只有一些路是铺过的
Only a few roads in Russia were paved.
所以,在秋天,可怕的泥泞时期开始了
Therefore, in autumn,
the terrible period of mud was beginning
道路变得非常软,
and the roads became deeply softened,
所以机动车无法通行,
and therefore useless for motorcars,
除了坦克
except tanks.
我们,作为步兵,不得不沿着路两旁进军
We had, as infantry,to march
along the sides of the roads
以让汽车和坦克通过
to let pass cars and the tanks.
我的大炮的轮子坏掉了
The wheels of my guns were broken.
在两或三天时间里,
And within a period
of two or three days,
我们不得不通过征用驮马
和马车来临时增加机动力
we had to improvise mobility by
requisitioning pannier horses and wagons.
我们都对德军在俄♥国♥
取得的胜利感到十分高兴,
We all were quite happy about the
success of the German armies in Russia,
但第一次有什么事情出错了的迹象
but the first inkling
that something is wrong
是当戈培尔在全德国搞了一个大活动
was when Goebbels
made a big action in all Germany
来为德国部队收集毛皮和冬装
to collect furs and winter clothes
for the German troops.
然后我们知道有些没有
被预料的事情在前头
Then we knew something was ahead
which was not foreseen.
我们没有暖和的披风
什么(御寒衣物)都没有,
We had no warm mantles and nothing,
我们穿得还是夏天的衣服
only the things we had
also in summertime.
我们事实上很生气
And we were actually angry
我们没有更好的装备
that we didn't have better equipment.
天气恶化了
The weather worsened.
许多德国指挥官主张在冬天停下来
Many German commanders
favoured halting for the winter.
希♥特♥勒♥绝不同意
Hitler would have none of it.
确信在冬天正式开始前
他就会取得全面胜利,
Convinced total victory would be his
before winter proper began,
他命令他的将军们继续前进,前进
he ordered his generals on, on,
只要地面变硬到足够让他的装甲部队通行
as soon as the ground
had hardened enough to bear his panzers.
这次受欢迎的延迟允许朱可夫
组织起莫斯科的防御
The welcome delay allowed Zhukov
to organise Moscow's defences.
俄♥国♥人只剩下不到
400辆坦克来守卫莫斯科
The Russians had less than
400 tanks left to defend Moscow.
对朱可夫来说空间很快就要用光了,
Space was running out fast for Zhukov,
但时间仍然在他这边
but time was still on his side
当冬天的冷风从北方刮来
as the cold winds of winter
swept in from the north.
但在10月14日,
But, on October 14,
一支(德国)装甲集团取得突破
并占领了加里宁,
a panzer group broke through
and took Kalinin,
(位于莫斯科)北面不到100英里
less than 100 miles away to the north.
几天后,另一支部队占领了莫扎伊斯克,
(位于莫斯科)西面60英里,
A few days later, another unit
took Mozhaysk, 60 miles west,
同时一个步兵师到达了高尔基,
(离莫斯科)只有40英里远
while an infantry division
reached Gorki, just 40 miles away.
恐慌笼罩着莫斯科的公民
Panic gripped Moscow's citizens.
那些能离开的,都离开了...
两百万人,包括大部分政♥府♥部门
Those who could, left... two million,
including most government departments.
甚至列♥宁♥的棺材,也和其他
克林姆林宫的珍宝一起被疏散了
Even Lenin's coffin was evacuated,
along with other Kremlin treasures.
在那两三天里,那是很大的一个震动...
(Russell) It was a bit of a shock
when, in those two or three days...
我想他们很可能只是
(德军)冲在最前面的先锋部队...
I suppose they were just
the advance spear tip probably...
几个坐摩托或其他什么的家伙到了
距莫斯科不到40或50公里远的地方
a few chaps on motorbikes or something got
to within 40 or 50 kilometres of Moscow.
然后(这件事),我必须说,
在莫斯科造成了很大的震动
Then there was, I must say,
considerable shock in Moscow.
人们试图逃出去
People were trying to get out.
他们以为德军就要冲进来了
They thought the German army
was going to roll in.
事实上,我应该能想象,
In fact, I should imagine,
从10月16日
from October 16
到大概10月20日,
to about October 20,
一位莫斯科的普通市民很可能预计
an average citizen of Moscow
probably expected
莫斯科会在接下来几天里陷落,
that Moscow will fall
within the next few days,
那就是恐慌的原因,真的
and that was what the panic
was about, really.
那时人们会拦住最高阶的秘密警♥察♥
People used just to stop
top-ranking secret service officers
毫无恐惧地大声羞辱他们
and shout insults at them
without any fear.