二战全史（1973）

The World At War S01E24

Part 1 June 6, 2022, 8:35 a.m.

距离日本以南1,500英里的马里亚纳
群岛中的提尼安岛上的诺斯菲尔德
North Field, on the island of Tinian,
in the Marianas,1500 miles south of Japan.
1945年夏天这是世界上最大的空军基地
In the summer of 1945 this was
the biggest air base in the world.
(1945年)8月5日,在这里,
Here, on August 5,
世界上第一枚铀弹被装进一架以其驾驶员母亲
名字命名的"艾诺拉·盖伊"号♥B-29型轰炸机
the world's first uranium bomb was loaded into a B-29
bomber...named Enola Gay after its pilot's mother.
第二天早晨,在黎明前,
"艾诺拉·盖伊"号♥起飞了
Next morning, before dawn,
the Enola Gay took off.
它的目标 - 广岛
Its target - Hiroshima.
1945年4月12日,
On April 12,1945,
美国总统富兰克林·罗斯福突然逝世
Franklin Roosevelt, President
of the United States, died suddenly.
举国都为其过世的领导人致哀
The nation mourned its lost leader.
他已带领他们从12年前经济大萧条的深渊中走出,
He had brought them from the depths
of economic depression 12 years before,
现在他已领导他们到了一场世界大战的胜利前夜
now he had led them to the eve
of victory in a world war.
在他死前的两个月,罗斯福去了俄♥国♥的雅尔塔,
Two months before his death,
Roosevelt had been at Yalta, in Russia,
为战后的世界奠定政♥治♥基础
laying the political foundations
of the post-war world.
罗斯福和丘吉尔想要在东欧,特别是波兰恢复民♥主♥制度
Roosevelt and Churchill wanted to restore
democracy to Eastern Europe,particularly Poland.
他们还请求斯大林确认俄♥国♥会在
德国战败的三个月后加入对日战争
They also asked Stalin to confirm that
Russia would join the war against Japan
three months after the defeat of Germany.
在愉快的气氛中,
In a cheerful atmosphere,
"三巨头"以为他们已达成了协议
the "big three" thought
they had reached agreement.
雅尔塔(会议)真的是这三个人之间关系的顶点
Yalta was really the high point of
the relationship between the three men.
胜利即将来临,德国人正在撤退,
Victory was in the air,
the Germans were in retreat,
所以除了未来的军事事务外,还有许多问题要谈判
and so there was a good deal more talk,
in addition to military matters,of the future.
(埃夫里尔·哈里曼美国驻俄♥国♥大使 1945)
波兰再次成为最麻烦的核心问题
Poland again became the most troublesome point.
而且很有趣罗斯福和丘吉尔都
觉得他们和斯大林达成了协议
And it's interesting that both Roosevelt and
Churchill felt they had an agreement with Stalin.
波兰的问题...就和所有东欧国家的一样...
The problem with Poland...
as with all Eastern Europe...
是西方领导人想在那里建立
一个自♥由♥选举出来的政♥府♥
was that the Western leaders wanted
a freely elected government there.
苏联人想要(在那里)建立一个对俄♥国♥友好的政♥府♥
The Soviets wanted a government friendly to Russia.
他们以为西方理解并接受这一点
They thought the West
understood and accepted this.
从他们的角度来看,波兰将不会
成为西方的一个前哨站...
Poland, from their point of view, was
not going to be an outpost of the West...
(阿尔杰·希斯美国国♥务♥院♥ 1945)
任何一个巴尔干国家也不会
nor any of the Balkan countries.
他们认为他们已和丘吉尔先生
就势力范围达成了诸多协议...
They thought they'd had various agreements
about spheres of influence with Mr Churchill...
如果他们把希腊大致上留在英国手里的话,
if they left Greece pretty much in British hands,
他们就能在匈牙利,罗马尼亚,保加利亚,
特别是在波兰获得相应的一定影响力
they could have certain proportional influences
in Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria,particularly Poland.
我在雅尔塔的印象是俄♥国♥人以为
我们已基本上接受了那个要求
My impression at Yalta was that the Russians
thought we had in substance accepted that demand.
在雅尔塔会议后,罗斯福只活了两个月
After Yalta,Roosevelt lived for only two months.
即使在那时候,他和丘吉尔已被俄♥国♥人对在那里达成
了什么共识而作的解释所唤醒(而不再抱有幻想)
Even by then, he and Churchill had become
disillusioned by the interpretations the
Russians were putting on what was agreed there.
斯大林和罗斯福双方之间
措辞非常,非常严厉的电报往来
The very, very tough exchange of telegrams
on both sides between Stalin and Roosevelt
已使事情变得非常清楚 (那就是)在他死之前,
罗斯福知道斯大林会打破他作出的协议
makes it very plain that Roosevelt, before he died,
knew that Stalin was breaking his agreements.
(安东尼·艾登亚芬伯爵英国外交大臣 1945 战后任首相)
我认为事情之所以变糟是因为军事上的进展加强了俄♥国♥的地位
I think it went sour because the military
developments strengthened Russia's hands
在雅尔塔俄♥国♥人还觉得有必要考虑西方的意见,
and that where the Russians had felt it necessary
to be considerate of Western opinion at Yalta,
几个月后他们觉得没这种必要了
因为对他们来说战争进展得如此顺利,
a few months later they didn't feel any such necessity
because the war was going so well for them,
所以他们对他们作出的一些约定撂到一边(不予考虑)
and therefore they swept aside
some of the engagements they'd got into.
那当然特别适用于关于波兰(的承诺)
That certainly applied
particularly about Poland.
罗斯福已被俄♥国♥人视为一个朋友
Roosevelt had been seen
as a friend by the Russians.
他的继任者,哈里杜鲁门,
是一个行动莫测的人物...
His successor, Harry Truman,
was an unknown quantity...
对他们(俄♥国♥人)和对他自己的顾问来说都是
both to them and to his own advisers.
当罗斯福一死,我就离开回去去见杜鲁门先生
I left, as soon as Roosevelt died,
to go back to see Mr Truman.
我想要确信杜鲁门总统明白我们(与苏联)的关系的立场,
I wanted to be sure that President Truman
understood the position of our relationships,
因为对与我们勇敢的盟友存在的这种温暖的关系
已有如此多的极度乐观的情绪甚嚣尘上
because there had been so much euphoria in the air about
the warm relationships that existed with our gallant allies.
我在罗斯福逝世的一周后回了家
And I got home within a week
of the time Roosevelt had died.
我发现,通过我与杜鲁门总统第一次接触的经历,
I found, my first experience
with President Truman,
我发现他是个热切的阅读者
I found he was an avid reader.
我发现他已读了所有的电报
I found he'd read all the telegrams
并从那些信息中明白了我们将遇到的困难
and understood from those messages
the difficulties we were going to have.
他们的外长,莫洛托夫,在4月23日到达华盛顿
给了杜鲁门一个机会来证明,就如他所说的,
The arrival of their foreign minister, Molotov,in Washington
on April 23 gave Truman a chance to prove, as he put it,
他将"勇敢地面对俄♥国♥人"
that he would "stand up to the Russians".
正当他的到达点燃了(解决)
棘手的波兰问题的希望,
Even as his arrival raised hopes
on the thorny Polish question,
全世界得知俄♥国♥刚刚已和波兰的华沙政♥府♥
签订了一个为期20年的友好协定
the world learned that Russia had just signed a 20-year
pact of friendship with Poland's Warsaw government.
这个波兰政♥府♥没有亲西方的成员
This Polish government
had no pro-Western members.
他们全都是亲苏分子
They were all pro-Soviet.
西方领导人生气而又苦恼
The Western leaders were angry and upset.
莫洛托夫见到了杜鲁门和他的国务卿,
斯特蒂纽斯...阿尔杰·希斯的老板
Molotov saw Truman and his secretary of
state, Stettinius... Alger Hiss's boss.
到那个时候...
By that time...
波兰局势已经,用一个温和的词来形容,"成形"了
the Polish situation had, to
use a gentle word, crystallised.
俄♥国♥人在前进
The Russians were moving forward.
他们似乎对英国人和美国人希望
(扶植)的那种临时政♥府♥毫不理会
They seemed to be paying no attention to the kind of provisional
government that the British and Americans had hoped for.
所以抗♥议♥...愤怒的抗♥议♥...
到了俄♥国♥人那儿也不了了之
Therefore protests... angry protests...
were going to the Russians about that.
于是杜鲁门决定摊牌,而他对此很有天赋
And Truman decided to have a showdown,
at which he was gifted.
在那场合下,如同你从如今的历史书中知道的一样,
On that occasion, as you know from
what is now part of the history books,
他指控莫洛托夫,事实上,违反了协议,
he accused Molotov, in effect,
of violation of the agreements,
那么早(就那么说)
as early as that.
在一场尚未取胜的战争中对一个重要的盟友
这么摊牌是一件很奇怪的事情...但他这么做了
This was a strange thing to do in
the midst of a war, by no means yet won,
with an important ally... but he did it.
而会谈以莫洛托夫这么说而告终:
And it ended by Molotov saying:
"在我的一生中我从未被人用这种口气说过话",
"I've never been talked to like this in my life",
而杜鲁门说: "嗯,如果你遵守你的协议
你就不会被人用那种口气说话了..."
and Truman saying: "Well, if you keep your
agreements and you won't be talked to like that..."
就象一个学校老师
just like a schoolteacher.
当时在场的斯特蒂纽斯,第二天早晨
告诉我...他仍然有点被震惊...
Stettinius, who'd been present, told me
the next morning... he was still shaken...
他说, "我觉得整场会议开不下去了"
he said, "I thought
the whole conference was off."
那是一次不成功的对话
Well, that was an unfortunate conversation.
那是杜鲁门进行的首次外交会谈,
lt was one of the first diplomatic
conversations that Truman had,
而我只能说对杜鲁门来说
这不是一个外交声明
and I can only say that it was not
a diplomatic statement on Truman's part.
他用了彻底的,实在的密苏里语言,
而那是非常明确的
He used good, solid Missouri language,
which was very definite,
而莫洛托夫曾用那种方式和其他人交谈,
and Molotov had talked
to other people that way,
但还没人用那种方式和他谈话
but had had no one
talk to him that way.
所以他非常生气,
So he was very much upset,
而我得出了这种印象那就是