二战全史（1973）

The World At War S01E10

Part 4 June 6, 2022, 8:33 a.m.

(这些货物)来自于中立的美国,是根据租借法案提供的
decks laden with tanks,holds full of supplies
from the neutral United States under lease-lend.
为不断的损失所担忧,英国战争内阁
Alarmed at continuing losses,
the British war cabinet
设立了一个新的西部近海司令部
来重组护航船队的防御
set up a new Western Approaches
Command to reorganise convoy defence.
皇家空军和海军第一次一起紧密合作
For the first time, the RAF and the navy
worked closely together.
在1941年3月,邓尼茨失去了
他最能干的三个(U型潜艇)舰长
And in March 1941,
Doenitz lost three of his ablest men.
曾在(英国)斯卡帕湾击沉了"皇家橡树"号♥战列舰的
京特·普里恩(U-47舰长,战绩为击沉33艘商船和一艘战列舰)...
Günther Prien, who had sunk
the Royal Oak at Scapa Flow...
被(英国驱逐舰"Wolverine"号♥)
命中深水炸♥弹♥并阵亡
depth-charged and killed.
约阿希姆·舍普克(U-100舰长,战绩为27艘商船),
被(英国驱逐舰"Vanoc"号♥)冲撞并淹死
Joachim Schepke, rammed and drowned.
而克雷奇默尔,
被深水炸♥弹♥炸得浮出海面...
And Kretschmer,
depth-charged to the surface...
并被俘虏(他在加拿大战俘营被关七年)
and taken prisoner.
在任何一个时刻邓尼茨的舰队
只有三分之一能在海上巡逻
Only one third of Doenitz's fleet
could be on patrol at any one time.
他最好的舰长突然消失
His best captains had suddenly gone.
现在他只能维持差不多
半打(6艘)U型潜艇在海上
Now he could only keep
some half dozen U-boats at sea.
只有这么少数量的U型潜艇,
With this small number of U-boats,
要在大西洋战役中取得任何
决定性的胜利当然都是不可能的
of course any decisive success in the
battle of the Atlantic was not possible.
那就是为什么在德国♥军♥备计划中
把建造潜水艇放到第一位是必要的
That's why it was necessary for the building of submarines
to get first place in the German armament plan.
但这一点并没有实现,
But this was not done,
尽管当时的德国海军总司令
雷德尔海军上将不断地提出请求
in spite of all the requests made by Admiral
Raeder,who then was chief of the German navy.
更糟的事情还等着他
Worse was to come for him.
美国仍然正式地处于中立
The United States
was still officially neutral.
一级战备状态,一级战备状态赶紧
General quarters,general quarters.
On the double.
但在丘吉尔1941年9月在大西洋上
与罗斯福会面后(签署"大西洋宪♥章♥"),
But after Churchill's Atlantic meeting
with Roosevelt in September 1941,
美国宣布她将保护定期往返
于其海岸和冰岛之间的任何国籍的船只
America announced she would protect ships of any
nationality plying between her shores and lceland.
现在有足够的战舰为跨越
大西洋(的船队)提供连续的护航
There were now enough warships to provide
continuous escort across the Atlantic.
是时候发动反击了
It was time to counterattack.
我找到许多护卫舰指挥官,
I got hold of a number
of escort commanders,
我向他们问了这个问题:
who I asked the question:
"当知道一艘U型潜艇正在攻击一个护航船队,
"When a U-boat is known
to be attacking a convoy,
正如他们现在在晚上的做法",
as they do now by night",
我问他们他们会做什么,
I asked them what they did,
在大多数情况下回答是,
"恩,你能做什么?"
and the answer in most cases was,
"Well, what can you do?"
"它(U型潜艇)是个非常小
的小东西我们看不到它们"
"It's a very tiny little thing
and we can't see them."
雷达,当然,在那时候还是非常初级的
而且我们只有非常少的几套
Radar, of course, in those days was very
elementary and we had very few sets.
但事实上有一位护卫舰指挥官
他有一个(至今)仍绝对有价值的主意
But in fact there was one escort commander
who had the idea,which is still absolutely relevant,
那就是当一次没有警告的攻击发生时,
that when an attack, of which
there is no warning, takes place,
所有的护卫舰应该在一条计划好的航线上
同时做同样的事情(抛深水炸♥弹♥)
that all of the escort should do the same sort
of thing on a planned line at exactly the same time
那样会在那个船队周围的广阔
洋面上起到最大的效果
so that it has the maximum effect
over the broad ocean around that convoy.
而这个人,当然,就是当时的
(弗雷德里克·约翰·"强尼")沃克舰长
And this, of course,
was the then Commander Walker.
尽管他没能活过战争,
(1944年7月死于脑栓塞)
Although he did not survive the war,
沃克将比其他人炸沉更多的U型潜艇
Walker was to sink more U-boats
than anyone else.
在1941年底他为船队防御
开创了一种新方式
At the end of 1941 he set
a new style for convoy defence.
那个护航船队是"HG-76"
The convoy was HG-76.
其中有36艘来自世界各地的商船
In it were 36 merchantmen
from all parts of the world.
他们在直布罗陀集♥合♥
准备跋涉前往英国
They assembled in Gibraltar
for the trudge to Britain.
海军知道至少有6艘U型潜艇
守在护航船队的航线上...
The navy knew there were at least
six U-boats on the convoy's route...
它们的信♥号♥♥已经被海军部截获
their signals had been picked up
by the admiralty.
当"HG-76"在1941年12月14日出发时,
When HG-76 sailed
on 14 December 1941,
它有一个特别庞大的护卫舰群...
由沃克指挥的17艘战舰
it had an exceptionally large escort...
17 ships commanded by Walker.
它们中,第一次出现了,一艘辅助航♥空♥母舰,
Among them, for the first time,
an auxiliary aircraft carrier,
"大胆"号♥(世界上第一艘护航航♥空♥母舰)
the Audacity.
三天后,"大胆"号♥的飞机发现了U-131号♥潜艇
Three days out,Audacity's
plane spotted U-131.
护卫舰船迅速击沉了她
The escorts quickly sank her.
邓尼茨又集中了五艘U型潜艇来攻击该船队
Doenitz homed five more U-boats
on the convoy.
沃克的护卫舰队很快击沉了一艘
Walker's team soon sank one.
但那天晚上 U型潜艇再次攻击
But that night the U-boats
attacked again.
一艘护卫舰(驱逐舰"Stanley"号♥)
和一艘商船被击沉沃克反击了
An escort and a merchant ship were sunk.
Walker counterattacked.
沃克自己的座船(小型护航舰"Stork"号♥)
冲撞并击沉了U-574号♥潜艇
Walker's own ship
rammed and sank U-574.
在空中,"大胆"号♥的战斗机
一再袭击德国的秃鹰式飞机
In the air, Audacity's fighters
harried the German Condors.
有一架被击毁其他的受伤
One was destroyed. Others were damaged.
但一些护卫舰没有燃料了
它们不得不离开
But some escorts were running
out of fuel. They had to leave.
一艘U型潜艇钻进了缺口
A U-boat penetrated the gap.
"大胆"号♥是下一个受害者
Audacity was the next victim.
接下来是又一个忙乱的晚上
护航船队又损失了一条船
Another hectic night followed.
The convoy lost one more ship.
但(恩格尔伯特·)恩德拉斯,另一位U型潜艇王牌
(击沉22艘,战绩排在第23位)在U-567号♥中被击沉(阵亡)
But Endrass, another U-boat ace
was sunk in U-567.
第二天,一架长程"解放者"(B-24型轰炸机)
第一次出现并发动攻击
Next day, for the first time,
a long-range Liberator appeared and attacked.
邓尼茨决定他必须撤退
Doenitz decided he must withdraw.
沃克证明了他的战术
Walker had justified his tactics.
飞机证明了它们的价值
Aircraft had proved their worth.
四艘U型潜艇被击沉了
Four U-boats had been sunk.
但邓尼茨即将被赋予他最大的机会
But Doenitz was about to be given
his greatest opportunity.
(♪ "月光小夜曲")
(♪ "Moonlight Serenade")
1941年12月,美国全面参战...
ln December 1941, the United States
came fully into the war...
但仍把她和平时期的灯开着
but left her peacetime lights on.
邓尼茨的U型潜艇从来
没过得这么舒心快乐过
Doenitz's U-boats never had it so good.
这是第二段"快乐的时光"
This was the second "happy time".
美国人没有足够的战舰
可用于近海护航
The Americans did not have enough
warships available for offshore escort
所以那里没有护航船队
so there were no convoys there.
许多被安全地护送跨越大洋的船只
Many ships were convoyed
safely across the ocean
却在近海单独航行并处于未被
护航的状态下被命中鱼雷
to be torpedoed alone
and unescorted offshore.
屠♥杀♥在继续
The slaughter went on.
1941年下半年
In the second half of 1941
差不多一百五十万吨♥的船只被击沉
nearly 1.5 million tons
of shipping were lost.
1942年上半年超过四百万吨♥的船只被击沉...
In the first half of 1942 over
4 million tons of shipping were lost...
1,000艘船
1,000 ships.
以这个速度(损失船只),
同盟国将输掉战争
At this rate,the Allies