二战全史（1973）

The World At War S01E24

Part 2 June 6, 2022, 8:35 a.m.

他认为这是一个新声音,
and I gained the impression that
he thought this was a new voice,
不再是罗斯福,而是一个更具攻击性的总统
not Roosevelt any more,
but a more aggressive president.
当他在两周前宣誓就职时,
When he was sworn in two weeks earlier,
杜鲁门说他将继续罗斯福的政策
Truman had said he would continue
Roosevelt's policies.
但他对莫洛托夫突然的严厉态度
现在令战争部长亨利·史汀生感到担心
But his sudden harshness with Molotov now
worried the secretary of war,Henry Stimson.
在这次对峙的第二天,
The day after the confrontation,
史汀生告诉了杜鲁门一些他认为
能改变与俄♥国♥打交道方式的事情
Stimson told Truman about something he thought
could transform America's dealings with Russia.
史汀生的传记作者,麦克乔治·本迪
Stimson's biographer, McGeorge Bundy.
史汀生写信给杜鲁门,
Stimson wrote to Truman,
"我觉得我应该尽可能快地和你谈论
一桩高度机密的事情是非常重要的"
"l think it is very important that I should have a talk
with you as soon as possible on a highly secret matter."
"在你就职后不久我就向你提起过它,
"l mentioned it to you
shortly after you took office,
但考虑到你承受的压力此后就没有强行告诉你此事"
but have not urged it since on account
of the pressure you've been under."
"然而,它对我们现行的外交关系有如此重大的意义
"lt, however, has such a bearing
on our present foreign relations
而且对我在这个领域的所有想法
都有如此重要的影响,
and has such an important effect
upon all my thinking in this field,
以至于我认为你应该不再耽搁地知道此事"
that I think you ought to know about it
without much further delay."
第二天,4月25日,史汀生向杜鲁门解释说
他对外交政策的看法...史汀生的看法...
The next day, April 25, Stimson explained to Truman
that his view of foreign policy...Stimson's...
是被即将来临的原子能的前景,以及与俄♥国♥分享
原子秘密所可能交换获得的条件所支配的,
was dominated by the imminent prospect of atomic
power,and the terms which might be got from Russia
in exchange for sharing atomic secrets.
这是杜鲁门第一次得知原♥子♥弹♥
的具体消息和它的外交潜力
lt was Truman's first detailed news of the
atomic bomb and its diplomatic potential.
他请求史汀生担任一个决定其军事用途的委员会的主席
He asked Stimson to head a committee
to decide its military use.
到这时,在极其秘密的状态下,
两种原♥子♥弹♥已被开♥发♥了出来,
By this time, in great secrecy, two
kinds of atomic bomb had been developed,
一种基于铀,另一种则基于一种人造元素,钚
one based on uranium, the other
on a man-made element, plutonium.
铀弹不需要测试...但只有一枚
The uranium bomb did not need testing...
but there was only one.
钚弹...更容易大批制♥造♥...
The plutonium bombs...
easier to produce in quantity...
在使用前将必须被试验
would have to be tested before use.
第一枚到7月将准备完毕
The first would be ready by July.
美国空军的一支特别部队已开始练习相关战术
A special unit of the American Air Force
had begun practising the tactics involved
即高度精确地投下一枚非常大的炸♥弹♥,然后尽快地逃离
in dropping one very large bomb, with great
accuracy,then getting away as fast as possible.
它的指挥官是保罗·蒂贝茨上校
lts commander was Colonel Paul Tibbets.
到这时为止,任何误差不超过500或
600英尺的轰炸都被认为是准确的轰炸
Up to this point,anything in the way of an error in
bombing up to 500 or 600 feet was considered good bombing.
所以我告诉他们:"如果你们从25,000
英尺高度投弹误差有100英尺,
So I told them then: "lf you have
a 100-foot error from 25,000 feet,
你只是投在了分界线上"
you're just a borderline case."
"我要求误差小于100英尺"
"l want it less than 100."
我立即被告知,"你做不了这个"
l was told immediately,
"You can't do this."
所以我说, "我不知道为什么不行"
他们说, "从来没人这么做过"
And so I said, "l don't know why not."
They said, "Nobody's ever done it."
但我说, "那不是为什么完成不了它的理由"
but I said, "That's no reason
why it can't be done."
我说,"他们告诉我,熟能生巧"
I said, "Practice, they
tell me, makes perfect."
所以我说,"我们将(不断)训练你们要
练到你们能做到(投进100英尺)为止"
So I said,"We'll practise and
you'll practise until you do it."
从他们在马里亚纳群岛的前沿基地,
From their forward bases
in the Mariana lslands,
美国B-29轰炸机已经在用
更常规的武器攻击日本的城市
American B-29 bombers were already attacking
Japan's cities with more conventional weapons.
起初,结果很不理想
To begin with, the results were poor.
柯蒂斯·李梅将军发展出一种新战术:
低空燃♥烧♥弹♥轰炸
General Curtis LeMay developed a new
tactic: low-level incendiary raids.
用空中摄影你能勾勒出一个大致的区域,但不很精确
With aerial photography you could outline
a general area,but not much precisely.
你不可能避免造成附带伤害,
You just couldn't avoid
doing collateral damage,
我确信我们烧掉了许多与战争工业毫无关系的日本建筑物
and I'm sure we burned down a lot of Japanese buildings
that had nothing to do with the war industry at all.
当然这是战争中一件不可能避免的悲哀的事情
This, of course, is one of the sad
things of war that can't be helped.
1945年3月9日,2,000吨♥燃♥烧♥弹♥被投在了东京,
On March 9, 1945, 2,000 tons
of incendiaries were dropped on Tokyo,
摧毁了这座城市16平方英里的面♥积♥
destroying 16 square miles of the city.
80,000个平民死亡...
80,000 civilians died...
那晚在东京死的人比在(德军)
闪击轰炸中整个英国死的人还多
more that night in Tokyo than
in the whole of England in the Blitz.
大多数人在火风暴中窒息而死
Most suffocated in the firestorm.
李梅现在一座接一座城市地攻击
LeMay now attacked city after city.
看来似乎只用B-29就可能打败日本
lt looked as if the B-29s alone
might defeat Japan.
直到阿诺德将军(美国陆军航♥空♥队司令)
问了这么个直接的问题
(LeMay) It wasn't until General
Arnold asked the direct question
"这场战争将持续多久?",
"How long will the war last?",
我们才坐下并对这个问题作了一些思考,
and then we sat down
and did some thinking about it,
而结论指出在9月1日左右我们就不会再有目标可炸了,
and it indicated that we would be pretty
much out of targets around 1 September,
而随着失去目标,
and with the targets gone,
我们看不出到那时候还有什么仗可打
we couldn't see much of any war
going on at the time.
到1945年春天
By the spring of 1945
面对美国的空中和海上力量日本很无助
Japan was helpless in the face
of American air and naval power.
日本大多数商船队和海军已被击沉
Most of the Japanese merchant fleet
and navy had been sunk.
一场有效的封锁已切断了日本
与她在海外的军队的联♥系♥,
An effective blockade had cut off Japan
from her overseas army,
令她绝大部分的空军因为缺乏燃料而无法升空,
grounded most of her air force for lack of fuel,
并使她的人♥民♥受到了饥饿的威胁
and threatened her population
with starvation.
美国战斗轰炸机(在日本上空)随意漫游,
支援那毁灭性的火攻空袭
American fighter-bombers roamed at will,
backing up the devastating fire raids.
许多日本政♥治♥家意识到他们的国家支撑不了多长时间了
Many Japanese politicians realised that
their country could not hold out much longer.
4月1日:美国部队在日本土地...
距离本土仅350英里的冲绳岛上登陆
April 1: American troops land on Japanese soil...
Okinawa, only 350 miles from the mainland.
他们面临凶猛的抵抗
They face fierce resistance.
但随着战役开始,日本不断增长的主和派促成了
一个由铃木(贯太郎)海军大将领导的新内阁的任命
But as the battle starts,the growing peace party in Japan
secure the appointment of a new cabinet,led by Admiral Suzuki.
(加瀬俊一外♥交♥部♥官员 1945 战后日本首任驻联♥合♥国♥大使)
当铃木内阁成立时,军事形势糟透了,
When the Suzuki cabinet came into existence,
the military situation was deplorable,
此外,我们国家的经济困境也十分明显
and, moreover, the economic plight
of our nation was quite apparent.
军事当局...
The military command...
试图挤出,可以这么说,国家的最后一滴血,
tried to squeeze the last drop,
so to speak, of the nation's blood,
就为了更努力地继续打这场无用的战争,
in order to prosecute harder
the useless war,
但对任何明白事理的人来说事情
变得很明显我们已经山穷水尽了
but it became evident to any sensible man
that we were at the end of our tether.
(木户幸一候爵日本最后一任"内大臣" 甲级战犯)
军队中的年轻军官,那些极端主义分子,
The younger officers in
the army, the extremists,
觉得我们应该战斗到底,直到每个人都被杀死
thought that we should fight to the bitter
end, until every man had been killed.
但陆军大臣,阿南(惟几)将军,不同意
But the war minister,General Anami,didn't agree.
他认为如果我们继续战斗到美国人入侵本土
He thought that if we fought on
until the Americans invaded the mainland
然后在海滩上狠狠打击他们的军队一次,
and then hit their forces hard
on the beaches once,
那么我们就能通过谈判达成
对日本更有利的和平条件
we could then negotiate peace
on terms more favourable to Japan.
但杜鲁门不会谈判
But Truman would not negotiate.
他在5月,德国战败后这样告诉国会
He told Congress so in May,
after Germany's defeat.
我们的要求一直是,也仍然是,无条件投降
Our demand has been,and it remains,
unconditional surrender.
我要整个世界都知道这个方针
必须也将会保持不变和不受阻碍
I want the entire world to know that this direction
must and will remain unchanged and unhampered.
杜鲁门现在面临两个主要问题: