美国内战（1990）

The Civil War S01E02

Part 6 Jan. 16, 2022, 8:19 p.m.

“会超出他们的控制力。
"will be beyond his strength to control.
“有一天，科学会将人类的生存置于它的力量之下，
"Someday science shall have the existence of mankind in its power,
全人类通过毁灭世界，走向自我灭亡。”
And the human race commit suicide, by blowing up the world."
亨利.亚当斯
Henry Adams.
《死亡的艺术》
U.S.格兰特和乔治.麦克莱伦率领的军队
The armies that U.S. Grant and George McClellan led
是史上装备最好的。
were the best-equipped in history.
北方的生产能力和技术独创性，
The productive capacity and technical ingenuity of the North
现在集中体现在武器上。
were now focused on weapons.
南北战争中将出现第一批铁道炮，
And the Civil War would see the first railroad artillery,
第一批地雷、瞄准镜和军用电报机。
the first land mines and telescopic sights, the first military telegraphs.
仅在1862年，就有240项专利颁发给军事武器。
In 1862 alone, 240 patents were issued for military weapons.
林肯被新武器迷住了。
Lincoln was fascinated by new weaponry.
他亲自测试了新式步♥枪♥，
He personally tested new rifles
并预订了10挺联邦连发枪，那是机关枪的前身，
and ordered up 10 Union repeating guns, forerunners of the machine gun,
但他放弃了一个计划，制♥造♥可在水上行走、
独木舟形状的鞋。
But he passed up a scheme to manufacture canoe-shaped footwear for walking on water.
并婉拒了暹罗国王提供的一群战象。
And tactfully declined a herd of war elephants offered by the king of Siam.
哦，他们有许多疯狂的主意，也有一些好的。
Oh, they had many crazy ideas, along with some good ones.
有一个计划是使用两门大炮，
There was one plan to use two cannon,
每门炮有一颗炮弹，两颗炮弹之间用一条链子连接。
each with a cannonball, and the two cannonballs connected by a chain.
两门大炮会同时发射，
And you would fire the two cannons at the same time,
两颗炮弹出膛，它们之间的链条
and the balls would go out, and the chain between them
会在行进路线上割开一条片甲不留的地带。
would just cut a swath through everything in their way.
麻烦在于，一门炮肯定会比另一门先发射，
the trouble was, one cannon, of course, went off before the other one did
结果是炮弹绕着另一门炮转了个圈。
with the result that the ball went around in a circle from the other cannon.
整个战争期间最重要的创新是前装线膛枪，
The most important innovation of the whole war was the rifled musket,
连同一项法国人的改进——克劳德.米尼的新式子弹，
along with a French refinement--Captain Claude Minie's new bullet,
一种一英寸长的铅弹，膨胀后紧贴枪管内的螺纹凹槽，
an inch-long lead slug that expanded into the barrel's rifled grooves
并在射出枪口时旋转。
and spun as it left the muzzle.
米尼弹能在半英里外杀敌，250码外精确命中——
The minie ball could kill at half a mile and was accurate at 250 yards--
射程是其他单兵武器的5倍。
5 times as far as any other one-man weapon.
刺刀战的时代结束了，
The age of the bayonet charge had ended,
尽管大多数军官在战争开始时还不知道这一点，
though most officers did not yet know it when the war began,
有些人甚至在战争结束时仍然不了解。
and some had still not learned it when the war was over.
这是残忍♥的武器。造成大量伤亡的原因其实很简单，
It was brutal stuff. the reason for the high casualties is really quite simple--
武器远远领先于战术。这种线膛枪，
The weapons were way ahead of the tactics. The rifle itself,
它以较低的枪口初速发射一种点53口径的软质铅弹，
It threw a .53 caliber soft lead bullet at a low muzzle velocity,
当它命中——有那么多截肢手术的原因是——
and when it hit--the reason there were so many amputations--
如果你这儿被击中，它并不是
if you got hit here, it didn't clip your bone
以现代的钢壳子弹那种方式击穿你的骨头。
the way the modern steel-jacketed bullet does.
你从这儿到这儿的骨头全没了。
You didn't have any bone from here to here.
他们除了拿掉你的胳膊别无选择。
they had no choice but to take the arm off,
你会看到战场上死尸的照片里他们衣衫不整，
And you'll see pictures of the dead on the battlefield with their clothes in
就好像有什么人在他们身上翻来翻去。
disarray as if someone had been going--rifling their bodies.
那是这些人自己扯开他们的衣服，看看伤在哪里，
That was the men themselves tearing their clothes up to see where the wound was,
他们非常清楚，如果内脏中枪，他们就会死。
and they knew perfectly well if they were gut shot, they'd die.
“1862年4月25日，
"April 25, 1862,
“田纳西州匹兹堡码头。
"Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee.
“亲爱的茱莉亚。
"Dear Julia.
“我不再是老大了。
"I'm no longer boss.
“哈勒克将军在这儿，对此我真的很高兴。
"General Halleck is here, and I'm truly glad of it.
“我希望将来那些报纸别来烦我。
"I hope the papers will let me alone in the future.
“这是唯一一份了解我的报纸，
知道我没有半点野心，只想平息这场叛乱，
"It was the paper only knew how little ambition I have outside of putting down this rebellion
“重返家园和家人平静而低调的生活在一起，
"and getting back once more to live quietly and unobtrusively with my family,
我想他们的不实之词要少一些。”
I think they would say fewer falsehoods."
尤利西斯.S.格兰特
Ulysses S. Grant.
尤利西斯.格兰特从北军代价高昂的夏洛战役胜利中
Ulysses S. Grant's reward for the costly Union victory
获得的奖励，就是调离战地司令部。
at Shiloh was to be removed from field command.
格兰特的上级是亨利.韦杰·哈勒克将军，
Grant's superior was General Henry Wager Halleck,
一位工于心计的长官，他嫉妒格兰特的成功，
a calculating administrator who was jealous of Grant's success
急于除掉他主要的竞争对手。
and anxious to get rid of his chief rival.
多纳尔森堡战役之后，他散布谣言说格兰特酗酒。
After the battle of Fort Donelson, he spread rumors Grant was drinking.
在夏洛的惨重损失之后，他给格兰特重新委派职务。
After the fearful losses at Shiloh, he had grant reassigned.
格兰特决定辞职，
Grant decided to quit,
但他的朋友威廉.谢尔曼说服他不要这么做。
But his friend William Tecumseh Sherman talked him out of it.
他说，“军队行动时，你在家一个礼拜都闲不住。”
"You could not be quiet at home for a week," he said, "when armies are moving."
格兰特和谢尔曼都是来自俄亥俄的西点军校生，
Grant and Sherman were both Ohio boys and west pointers
他们都喜欢雪茄，鄙视名利场和政♥治♥，
who were fond of cigars, scorned pomp and politics,
有过底层生活的遭遇。
and had fared poorly in civilian life.
格兰特欣赏谢尔曼的果敢机智，
Grant enjoyed Sherman's rapid-fire brilliance
很感谢他听从调遣，严格执行每一道命令。
and was grateful for the dispatch with which he carried out every order.
谢尔曼钦佩他的好友遇事冷静，
Sherman admired his friend's cool temper,
他在危机关头的稳如泰山，
his steadiness in the midst of crisis,
以及他称格兰特所具有的“简单的成功信念”。
and what he called Grant's "simple faith in success."
他们彼此信任。
They trusted each other.
“我比格兰特聪明多了。
"I'm a damned sight smarter than Grant.
“我更懂得组织、供应和管理，
"I know more about organization, supply, and administration,
“其他方面也比他强。
"and about everything else than he does.
“但我要告诉你，他在哪个方面打败了我和全世界。
"But I'll tell you where he beats me and where he beats the world.
“他一点都不在乎视线之外的敌人做些什么，
"He don't care a damn for what the enemy does out of his sight,
而我却被吓得要死。
but it scares me like hell."
威廉.特库姆塞.谢尔曼
William Tecumseh Sherman.
“现在任何将奴隶的自♥由♥
"Any attempt now to separate the freedom of the slave
“与政♥府♥的胜利脱开来谈的企图，
"from the victory of the government,
“任何给予白人和平，
"any attempt to secure peace to the whites
“却将黑人拴在链子上的企图，
"while leaving the blacks in chains,
“都将是徒劳的。
"will be labor lost.
“美国人♥民♥和华盛顿政♥府♥
"The American people and the government at Washington
“也许暂时拒绝承认这一点，
"may refuse to recognize it for a time,
“但事物发展的必然逻辑将最终迫使他们接受，
"But the inexorable logic of events will force it upon them in the end--
“那就是，正在这片土地上进行的战争，
"that the war now being waged in this land
是一场有关推♥翻♥奴隶制的战争。 ”
is a war for and against slavery."
弗雷德里克.道格拉斯
Frederick Douglass.
一封信接一封信，一场又一场演讲，
一个月接一个月，
Letter by letter, speech by speech, month after month,
道格拉斯不知疲倦的游说华盛顿政♥府♥，
Frederick Douglass tirelessly lobbied the government in Washington,
敦促林肯解放奴隶。
urging Lincoln to emancipate the slaves.
但总统仍然坚持战争是为联邦打的，
But the President still insisted the war was being fought for Union
在公众面前回避道格拉斯和这种争论。
And publicly avoided Douglass and the debate.
“我们南方的朋友告诉我们，北方为黑奴而战。
"Our southern friend tells us the North is fighting for negroes.
“我们联邦的朋友说，他们不是为废奴而战，
"Our Union friend says they're not fighting to free the negroes
“而是为了联邦。
"but for the Union.
“很好。
"Very well.
“让白人们为他们想要的而战吧，
"Let the whites fight for what they want,
“我们黑人为我们想要的而战。
"We negroes fight for what we want.
“自♥由♥必将到来，
"Liberty must take the day,
“完全的到来。
"Nothing shorter.
“我们一点都不在乎联邦。
"We care nothing about the Union.
我们已经在联邦里被奴役了250年。”
We have been in it slaves over 250 years."
“无论哪个国家取得了俄亥俄河、
密西西比河和密苏里河的控制权，
"Whatever nation gets the control of the Ohio, Mississippi, and MissourI Rivers
都将控制整个大♥陆♥。”
will control the continent."
威廉.特库姆塞.谢尔曼
William Tecumseh Sherman.
在西边，联邦的海军策略很简单——
Out west, Union naval strategy was straightforward--
取得密西西比河的控制权，将南方邦联一分为二。
seize control of the Mississippi and cut the Confederacy in two.
4月7日，联邦炮艇以及2000人的军队，
On April 7, Union gunboats and 2,000 troops
占领了密苏里州新马德里附近10号♥岛屿上的邦联要塞，
took the Confederate fortress at island number 10 near New Madrid, Missouri,
打开了向南直至孟菲斯的航路。
leaving the river open as far south as Memphis.
两个月后，孟菲斯陷落。
Two months later, Memphis fell.
4月24日晚，一位60岁的海军司令大卫.G.法拉格特，
On the night of April 24, a 60-year-old flag officer, David G. Farragut,
沿密西西比河北上，
started north up the Mississippi,
试图攻取新奥尔良。
intent on capturing New Orleans.
但首先，他必须通过杰克逊堡和圣菲利普堡的重炮群，
But first he had to get by the heavy guns at Forts Jackson and St. Phillips,
在离城市70英里远的地方。
70 miles below the city.
当月亮升起时，南军开火，
When the moon rose, the Confederates opened fire
并放出燃烧的木筏漂到北军舰队中间。
and sent blazing rafts drifting into the Union fleet.
第一艘船被撞击了42次。
The first vessel was hit 42 times.
法拉格特自己的旗舰被烧着起火。
Farragut's own flagship was set on fire.
但整个舰队设法通过了要塞。
But somehow the entire fleet made it past the forts.
新奥尔良在次日投降。
New Orleans surrendered the next day.
法拉格特让美国国旗飘扬在市政厅上。