彩色二战简史：胜利之路（2021）

罗斯福让科学家使用钚研制炸♥弹♥
Roosevelt has had scientists developing a bomb using plutonium,
这是一种1941年 才被发现的放射性金属
a radioactive metal which had only been discovered in 1941.
但科学家们担心 这种武器一旦引爆
But fears that, if detonated,
可能会引燃整个星球的大气层
the weapon will ignite the planet's atmosphere
这也意味着这种炸♥弹♥距离实用还很远
means the bomb is far from ready for use.
而在冲绳岛 陆战也即将开始升温
In Okinawa, the land battle is about to heat up…
美国陆军部队进入到了 距离首里城日军总部
…as troops from the U.S. Army get within a few miles
仅数公里的范围内
of the Japanese headquarters at Shuri Castle.
当陆军师遭遇到
When the Army divisions come up
第一个组织得当的防御体系时
against the first, uh, properly organized defensive systems,
整个行动都减速了
the whole campaign slows down.
日军司令牛岛满将守岛的责任
The Japanese Commander, Ushijima, has delegated responsibility
委派给了他的作战指挥官 八原博通大佐
for the islands' defenses to his operations chief, Colonel Hiromichi Yahara.
他很聪明 智商很高
Very bright, intellectually clever,
1944年夏天 他刚到达冲绳岛
and when he arrives on Okinawa in the summer of 1944,
就立即得出了结论
he immediately comes to one conclusion.
“我们永远不可能打得赢美军”
"We will never be able to win this battle against the Americans."
“我们要打的是一场消耗战”
"What we need to do is fight a battle of attrition."
大部分的日军被部署在 戒备森严的防线后
The vast bulk of Japanese forces are placed behind heavily fortified lines
位于部队总部的北侧
north of Army headquarters.
他们修建了这一套横跨岛中部的
They built this incredibly effective defensive system
极其有效的防御体系
across the center of the island,
相互拱卫的山脊一道接一道
one ridge defending another ridge defending another ridge.
接连不绝
One after the other, after the other,
一直延伸到主要抵抗防线 也就是所谓的首里防线
all the way back to the main line of resistance, the so-called Shuri Line.
按照八原博通的算计 在通过这一系列防御阵地的过程中
It's in getting through this sequence of defensive positions
美军将会付出很大的伤亡
that Yahara, uh, calculates is going to cost the Americans so much blood.
这是日军防守冲绳岛的主要努力
This is the major effort by the Japanese in defense of Okinawa.
不止要让美军在夺取 这个重重设防的区域时流血牺牲
Not just to make the Americans bleed and die to try to take the fortified area,
同时也在为日军神风特攻队
but to give time for the Japanese kamikaze
争取摧毁入侵舰队的时间
to destroy the invasion fleet.
美军面临的真正困境变成了
The real dilemma for the Americans became,
你要怎么处理日军的防御工事
how do you deal with the Japanese fortifications?
冲绳岛之战的有趣之处在于
Really interesting thing about the Battle of Okinawa
双方都有菜鸟指挥官
is you have rookie commanders on both sides.
美军地面部队 由西蒙·巴克纳中将领导
The U.S. ground forces are led by Lieutenant General Simon Buckner.
巴克纳的任命是有争议的
Buckner is a controversial appointment.
巴克纳在他整个生涯之中 都没有指挥过部队
Buckner hadn't commanded an army like this in his entire career.
他目前的战争经验相对有限
His experience of the war so far had been relatively limited.
如果很多美国♥军♥人一样
Like a lot of American servicemen,
他也被训练成 认为火力才是赢得战斗的方式
he'd been trained into believing that firepower was the way to win a battle.
这些战术其实都算得上是一战的遗产
And those tactics really are very much a kind of legacy of the First World War.
使用火炮有效歼灭敌人
You'll use artillery to effectively neutralize the enemy,
这样你几乎就能 轻松通过敌方的工事
so that you can almost walk over that position.
步兵只需要清理收尾即可
The infantry just need to mop up.
但巴克纳缺乏野战经验的问题 很快就被暴露了出来
But Buckner's lack of field experience is quickly exposed.
巴克纳基本上算是自投罗网
Buckner basically took the bait.
他选择迎头攻击日军工事
He attacked head on into these Japanese positions,
而且还接受了美军的大量伤亡
and he accepted massive American casualties.
正如日军所预期的
Just as the Japanese intended,
阵地争夺战进展地极其缓慢
the fight for territory is agonizingly slow.
尼米兹不止一次上岸来找巴克纳
Nimitz went ashore more than once to speak with Buckner
他说 “听我说 你得抓紧点 我们不能永远在这里徘徊”
and say, "Look, speed things up. We can't loiter here forever."
“我们正在被日军的神风特攻队打击”
"We're getting creamed by the Japanese kamikazes."
“你得拿下这个岛 这样我们才能继续”
"You need to take this island so that we can move on."
美军还在应对迅速发展的人道危机
The Americans are also dealing with a burgeoning humanitarian crisis,
数千流离失所的冲绳人 被安置在后方的军营中
with thousands of displaced Okinawans housed in camps behind the lines.
他们当然在提防 或许有日本军人伪装成了平民
They're wary, of course, that some of the Japanese servicemen
但他们也决心获取尽可能多的
might be masquerading as civilians, but they're also determined
关于日军动向的情报
to get as much intelligence as they can as to what the Japanese are doing.
显而易见的是
What's clear is that years
日本军方多年来的种族灌输
of the Japanese military's racial indoctrination
已经制♥造♥出了一个危险的对手
has produced a dangerous opponent.
他们被灌输了这种观念
They have been inculcated in this notion
他们是精英民族 他们是武士种族
that they're an elite people, they're a warrior race,
投降的预期是一种诅咒
and that the prospect of surrender is an anathema.
对于街头上的普通日本男女来说
For the average Japanese man or woman on the street,
在这场战争中 美国人一直被描绘成
the Americans have been portrayed throughout this war
血统不纯的种族杂种
both as impure racial mongrels,
软弱 但又半野蛮
weak, but also as semi-barbarians.
如果你落入他们的手中 那最幸运也得被折磨一段时间
If you fall into their hands, you're gonna be at best tortured for a while.
如果你是女人 你会被强♥奸♥ 然后被残忍♥杀害
If you're a woman, you're gonna be raped, and then savagely killed.
当地人承认 为了逃避这种命运
The locals confess that to avoid such a fate,
有些人选择了自杀
some people have committed suicide.
日本军方真的将这种做法当成了标准
The Japanese military really made it a sort of a standard practice
他们鼓励平民遵循不投降的军事信条
to encourage civilians to go along with the military doctrine of no surrender.
他们不想要日本人 成为任何形式的通敌者
They didn't want the Japanese subjects to be collaborators in any kind.
数千人跟随日本军队 撤退到了岛的南部
Thousands have retreated to the south of the island with the Japanese Army.
这个区域现在变成了战斗的中心
The area is now the epicenter of the battle.
到了4月的第三周
By about the third week of April, it's clear that there is
很明显 在冲绳岛南端
a ferocious battle going on
一场与日本守军的恶斗正在进行
against the Japanese defenses in the southern end of Okinawa.
日军的火炮占据了高地
The Japanese have taken the high ground for their artillery,
将巴克纳的部队压制了很长时间
which keeps Buckner's forces pinned down for long spells.
他们的地下防御工事 凭借隐藏的机♥枪♥点位和雷区
And their subterranean defenses are almost impregnable to frontal assault,
在正面进攻面前几乎固若金汤
with hidden machine gun posts and minefields.
一共建造了96公里的地堡 隧♥道♥
Sixty miles of underground bunkers, and tunnels,
以及联锁防御体系
and interlocking systems of defenses are constructed.
消耗了大量的劳动力 包括了平民
Huge amount of labor both from the civilian population
日军部队和建筑工人
and also from the Japanese troops and construction workers
才打造出了这套 由接连不断的杀戮战场构成的体系
to create this system of one killing ground after another.
美军不得不使用火力 使用火焰喷射器
The Americans have to overcome one by one, by the use of firepower,
使用炸♥药♥包来一个个攻克
by the use of flamethrowers, by the use of satchel charges.
巴克纳还让海军炮击敌军工事
Buckner gets the Navy to pound enemy positions.
但有一个严重的问题
But there's a serious problem.
有平民和日军战斗人员混在一起
You've got these civilians intermingled with all these Japanese combatants
就在你的炮击区域内
in exactly the areas you are firing into.
我觉得这就是冲绳人伤亡的主要原因
And that's a primary driver, I think, of Okinawan casualties.
整个村庄被持续不断的炮击 和铺天盖地的凝固汽油弹摧毁
Whole villages are destroyed by constant bombardment and showers of napalm.
巴克纳被同僚敦促改变战术
Buckner is urged by fellow officers to change tactics.
他们强烈建议在日军防线后 再进行一次登陆
They strongly recommend another landing behind Japanese lines.
在那时 这样做 或许能减少美军的伤亡
At that point, it might have saved American casualties,
而我觉得更重要的是
and I think even more important than that,
这或许也能拯救 非常多冲绳人的生命
it may very well have saved the lives of an awful lot of Okinawan civilians,
因为这会使他们 更容易地进入美军防线
because it would have permitted them much more easily to get into American lines.
但巴克纳拒绝听从建议
But Buckner refuses to listen.
一直以来 天气都在恶化
All the while, the weather is worsening,
特别是在1945年5月底前 雨季开始了
particularly towards the end of May 1945, when the rains begin.
战斗一直处于僵持状态
The battle remained a stalemate,
部分归咎于暴雨
partly attributable to the heavy rains,
将野外变成了泥沼
which turned the countryside into a morass of mud.
绝大部分重型装备 都无可救药地陷入了泥潭
Most of the heavy equipment became hopelessly bogged down in the mire.
你眼睁睁地看着这个岛溶解成了泥巴
You're literally watching this island sort of dissolve into mud.
数以万计的人在泥泞中对抗
Tens of thousands of men now compete over a few yards of mud.
这些场景会让你联想起
You get scenes that are evocative
一战中最糟糕的堑壕战
of the worst of trench warfare in World War One…
对阵双方 在相互手榴弹的射程内一决胜负
…where the forces are within hand-grenade range of each other, slugging it out.
你能看到没被埋葬的日军和美军尸体
You're watching unburied Japanese and American corpses
在你面前腐烂
decompose before you.
到了六月初 激烈的战斗已经持续了近两个月
By the start of June, the battle has been raging for nearly two months.
双方共有超过五万名士兵死亡
Over 50,000 U.S. and Japanese soldiers are dead.
日本领导层的态度被历史学家 罗纳德·斯佩克特很好地掌握了
The attitude of the Japanese leadership, I think, was well captured
他说冲绳岛之战 是一场非常特殊的战役
by historian Ronald Spector, who said that Okinawa was a very peculiar battle
它让战败者兴高采烈 让胜利者非常沮丧
in the sense that it left the defeated elated and the victors depressed.
你意识到你基本上处于 一种但丁式的下降
You realize you're basically in this sort of Dantean descent
每一页都非常可怕 而且会越来越糟
that, as awful as each page is, it's going to get worse
越来越糟
and worse and worse.
士兵中发病率最高的战斗疲劳症
The highest incidence of combat fatigue, that is,
也就是我们所谓的“炮弹休克” 就出现在冲绳岛战役中
people suffering from what we might also call "shell shock,"
有超过两万名美军官兵被从前线撤下
was during the battle of Okinawa, where more than 20,000 American servicemen