彩色二战简史：胜利之路（2021）

When I got to the gun director
我问作战情报中心 敌机在哪里
and asked the Combat Information Center where the bogeys were…
我被告知天空中全是敌机
I was informed that the sky was full of them.
你能看到航母在哪里 你能发现他们在起飞飞机
You can see where the carriers are, you can see when they launch aircraft,
而在作战情报中心 你也有战斗空中巡逻
and from the Combat Information Center you can have your combat air patrols,
在空中盘旋保护航母
which are out there circling and protecting the carriers,
你可以指挥他们去拦截日军飞机
you can then direct them onto these Japanese planes
而这时日军飞机 离美军特遣部队还远着呢
long before the Japanese planes ever get to the American task group.
日军战机的作战半径优势被抵消
With the long-range advantage of the Japanese planes nullified,
战机得在空中直接对决
as the fighters come face-to-face in the sky,
现在就得看飞行员的个人技能了
it's now down to the individual skills of the men on board.
对日军来说
For the Japanese,
虽然他们曾经被誉为 拥有世界上最好的精确飞行员
once heralded for having the best precision pilots in the world,
这并不是一个好消息
this is not good news.
日本帝国海军的海军航♥空♥兵是顶尖的
Naval aviation in the Japanese Imperial Navy was really the top of the tree.
是最棒的
You were the best of the best.
但日本帝国海军的问题在于
But the problem for the Imperial Japanese Navy
在一场接一场的战役之后 虽然缓慢但却不可避免地
is battle after battle, slowly but surely,
所有最好的飞行员都已经战死
all the best pilots are being killed,
日军并没有时间来培养新飞行员
and the Japanese simply don't have the time to develop new pilots.
日军飞行员在此时处于极大的劣势
The Japanese pilots are at a tremendous disadvantage at this point.
对大多数人来说 这是他们的第一次航母空战
For most of them, this is the first carrier battle they've ever been in,
所以在经验差距方面
so you're talking about an experience gap
或许是三到四次与一次的差距
that may be as much as three or four to one,
结果就是 一场大屠♥杀♥
and the result is just… It's a massacre.
在菲律宾海上空
In the skies over the Philippine Sea,
飞行员能力上的明显差距 现在彻底暴露了
the stark difference in pilot ability is now laid bare…
日军战机一架接一架
as one by one, the Japanese fighters
被更优越的敌人击落
are picked off by their superior enemy.
小泽治三郎并没有 一次性派出全部力量
Ozawa did not send everything he had all at once.
不是全部450架 他是分批次派出的
Not all 450 planes. He sent them in packets.
对于美军来说 这很好 多谢了
And for the Americans, that's just fine, thank you very much.
来了70架 我们会把他们都打下去
Here comes 70 planes, we'll shoot them down.
再来70 再打下去
Here comes 70 more, down they go.
就像是在靶场射击
It is almost like a shooting gallery.
对抗不公平到了尴尬的程度
It's embarrassingly uneven in the confrontation.
有人描述说 “不管我转向哪个方向 不管我朝哪边开火
One described, saying, "No matter which way I turned and which way I fired,
都会有一架日军飞机等着我击落”
there was a Japanese aircraft for me to shoot down."
两名美国飞行员 在单次出击中就成为了王牌
Two American pilots actually became aces in one single sortie.
这意味着他们得击落五架日军飞机
That means they have to shoot down five Japanese planes.
实际上 其中之一击落了六架
In fact, one shoots down six.
来自芝加哥的亚历山大·弗拉丘中尉
Lieutenant Junior Grade Alexander Vraciu from Chicago
在单次飞行中击落了六架敌机
shot down six planes in a single flight.
他降落之后 看着舰桥上的米切尔中将
And as he landed, he looked up at Admiral Mitscher on the bridge
他举起了六根指头
and he held up six fingers.
这六根指头成为了 这场战役的标志性形象
And those six fingers became one of the iconic images of this battle.
有一位飞行员降落之后
And one of the pilots landed and went back
回来报告时说 “队长 我告诉你
and reported in and said, "Skipper, I'm telling you,
这就像是射火鸡一样”
it's just like shootin' turkeys."
于是这场战役在飞行员之中
And the battle therefore became known among pilots,
因此也就在历史学家之中
and, for that matter, among historians as well,
被称为马里亚那猎火鸡大赛
as the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot.
在三小时内 有373架日军战机起飞
Three hundred and seventy-three Japanese airplanes are launched in just three hours,
其中多达243架被击落
and a gargantuan 243 are shot down.
这是史上所有战役中 海军航♥空♥兵遭受过的最大单次损失
The single greatest loss of naval air power of any battle in history.
但对于少数能回到舰队的飞行员来说
But for the handful that make it back to their fleet,
另一个不受欢迎的惊喜在等待着他们
another unwelcome surprise awaits them.
在这场战役中对于小泽治三郎来说 尤其令他厌恶的是
What's particularly sickening for Ozawa during this battle is,
他让他的航母处于 美军飞机无法攻击到的位置
he's got his carriers in a position where they can't be attacked by American planes
因为他们太远了 但却并不是无懈可击
because they're too far away, but they are not invulnerable.
而事实上在6月19日
And what in fact emerges during the course of the 19th of June
有两艘美国潜艇发现了他的舰队
is that two American submarines have spotted his fleet.
两艘潜艇跟上了他两艘最大的航母
Two of those submarines lined up on two of his biggest carriers.
小泽治三郎用作旗舰的航母大凤号♥
The aircraft carrier Taiho, that Ozawa was using as his flagship,
进入了青花鱼号♥潜艇的视线
came into the sights of the submarine Albacore.
请记住大凤号♥是全新的 装甲非常厚实
Remember, the Taiho is brand-new, very heavily armored,
而鱼雷在大凤号♥的侧面爆♥炸♥
and the torpedoes explode alongside.
炸裂了大凤号♥的燃料箱
What it did was rupture seams in the fuel tanks.
挥发性的油气从航母甲板渗出
Volatile fumes were seeping through the decks of this carrier,
默默地为最终的毁灭做准备
silently preparing its eventual destruction.
在大凤号♥沉没时
As the Taiho sinks,
舰上仅有很少的人有幸逃脱
only a handful on board are lucky enough to escape.
其中就有小泽治三郎本人
Among them, Ozawa himself.
才不到半天 他就损失了数百架飞机
In less than half a day, he has lost hundreds of planes,
两艘最珍贵的航母
two of his most prized aircraft carriers,
还有数千名部下
and thousands of men.
但在他检查自己被毁的舰队时
But as he surveys his devastated fleet,
他其实还有一张牌可以打
he still has one card to play.
依然有可能扭转战局
And it could yet turn the tide of the battle.
到了19日晚上 小泽治三郎的情况看起来很严峻
Things are looking pretty grim for Ozawa by the evening of the 19th.
他大概还剩下一百架飞机
He's got about, maybe, a hundred or so planes left,
但他手上还有另一张王牌
but he has one other ace up his sleeve,
那就是剩下的陆基飞机
which is the rest of the land-based aircraft
他可以用来攻击美军舰队
that he can use to strike against the American fleet
那怕到了这么晚的阶段 也依然有可能出其不意
and possibly pull a rabbit out of the hat even at this late stage.
或者至少他是这么认为的
Or at least he thinks.
我们没获得任何指示 也没事情做
We had no instructions or anything to do.
但最后我决定带着我的部下 去轰炸关岛
But finally, I decided to take my crew over and bomb Guam.
我们一共去了30架飞机
So we took about 30 airplanes over there,
轰炸了关岛 然后又回来了
and bombed it, and then came on back.
之后我就被人感谢了
Afterwards, I got a thank-you for doing that.
我们完全炸烂了跑道
And we completely cratered the runway ,
这很有帮助 因为很多日军飞机准备在那里降落
which helped, because when the Jap planes, a lot of them were gonna land there,
他们无法降落
they couldn't land
因为机场已经被炸烂了
because the field was so beat up.
对小泽治三郎来说 不幸的是 他对于美军仅存的优势
Unfortunately for Ozawa, his only remaining advantage against the Americans
已经不复存在了
no longer exists.
但没人有勇气告诉他
But nobody has had the courage to tell him.
在小泽治三郎看来
From Ozawa's perspective,
他并不知道 到战役第一天结束时
he's unaware that he's down now to about a hundred aircraft
他仅剩下一百架飞机
by the end of this first day of battle.
群岛上的指挥官没有把岛上空军基地
The commanders on the islands are not giving him accurate information
受损情况的准确信息告诉他
as to the extent of the destruction of their own air bases,
我觉得在这其中有羞耻的原因
and there's an element of shame, I think, that comes in along with all of that.
小泽治三郎认为与其逃回日本
Thinking he still has the ability to settle the scores,
自己其实依然有能力翻盘
rather than escape back to Japan,
于是他决定继续战斗
Ozawa makes a decision to stay in battle
使用他已经不复存在的陆基飞机
and attack the Americans the following day
在第二天继续攻击美军
with his nonexistent land-based aircraft.
与此同时他需要做的
All he needs to do in the meantime
仅仅是躲开米切尔中将饥渴的视线
is keep just out of reach of the hungry sights of Vice-Admiral Mitscher.
6月19日完全是美军一边倒的胜利
June 19th was absolutely a one-sided American victory.
但米切尔依然没有获得机会
And yet, Mitscher had not had an opportunity to strike
去攻击日军主力 他依然很渴望这么做
at the Japanese main battle force, and he was still itching to do so.
在这一天结束时
When that day came to an end,
斯普鲁恩斯不再要求米切尔
Spruance then released Mitscher from the requirement
必须守在滩头 并告诉他去追击那些航母
to stay by the beachhead, and told him to go get those carriers.
他开始向西移♥动♥ 接近日军舰队
He's begun to move west to get close to the Japanese fleet.
但到了6月20日 他依然没找到舰队
But as the 20th of June unfolds, there's no sign of the fleet.
时间在流逝 终于 在4点30分
The day is moving on and yet, finally, at 30,
他的一架飞机发现了日军航母舰队
one of his planes spots the Japanese carrier fleet.
现在他的机会来了
So now's his opportunity.
但他们的问题是距离
The problem they've got is the range.
美军飞机的作战半径是450公里
With a flying range of around 280 miles one way,
他们无法飞到480公里之外
the American planes won't make it 300 miles
去攻击小泽治三郎的舰队 然后再返航回来
to Ozawa's fleets and back again.
或者这只是日军中将的希望
Or so the Japanese admiral hopes.
但他没有考虑到
But what he has failed to factor in
敌军的坚强决心
is the sheer determination of his enemy
和米切尔对风险的嗜好
and Mitscher's appetite for risk.
这一定是一幅非常惊人的景象