彩色二战简史：胜利之路（2021）

People weren't really supposed to know how terrible it really was.
但这是不可能掩饰的 因为有人在码头工作
But it was impossible to disguise it, because people worked at the docks,
有人知道有船要来 或是应该要来
people knew that ships were coming in or supposed to be coming in.
数以万计的商船海员在二战中丧生
Tens of thousands of merchant seamen lose their lives in the Second World War.
而这几乎都被遗忘了
And, you know, it's something that's pretty forgotten.
我航海50年了 被鱼雷炸过两次
Been to sea 50 years, torpedoed twice.
德国佬还没有能弄死我的潜艇 我还要再出海
Jerry hasn't got a U-boat to sink me. I'm still game to go again.
有时在船队中还会有专门的救援船
Sometimes a designated rescue ship travels with the convoys,
因为其他船只停下来的风险太大
because it's too risky for the other ships to stop.
他们的本能是停下来营救幸存者
Their instinct is to stop and pick up survivors.
但如果你这么做 你就会成为下一个受害者
But if you do, you will be the next victim.
看着那条冒着浓烟和火焰的船
To see that ship on its end going down
马上就要沉没 让我很悲伤
with lots of smoke and flames, that would make me sad.
我在夜里多次看到过这种事情
I saw that happen during the night on many occasions.
我看到一个人试图在着火的油里游泳
I saw men trying to swim in oil, on fire,
我听到他发出了最后的呼喊
and heard him call his final call
因为他意识到我们不会去救他了
when he realized we were not going to pick him up.
商船的损失也影响到了英国本土
The loss of the merchant ships is felt on British soil,
这个国家沉沦到 每天都在为食物和自♥由♥而挣扎
and the nation is swept into a daily struggle for food and freedom.
配给制很快就在英国被固定了下来
Rationing in Britain took hold very quickly,
他们不能像我们现在这样
and they weren't able to just go to the supermarket as we do now
直接去超♥市♥购买♥♥所需的食品
and buy whatever foodstuffs they need.
所有我们在日常生活中 认为理所当然的东西
And all these other things that we take for granted in our daily lives,
突然之间都供应不足了
all of a sudden were in short supply.
英国政♥府♥发起了“为胜利而挖掘”活动
The British government launches a campaign called Dig for Victory,
鼓励大众自己种植食物
which encourages the public to grow their own food.
所以大众都依命行事了
And so people went out and did what they were told to do,
把能找到的每一块土地都变成了菜园
turning every patch of ground they could find into a garden.
到了1940年6月
By June 1940,
丹麦 挪威和法国都已落入纳粹手中
Denmark, Norway, and France are all under Nazi control,
邓尼茨获得了法国西海岸的海军基地
and Dönitz claims naval bases along the west coast of France.
现在他的U型潜艇 可以直接进入大西洋
His U-boats now have direct access to the Atlantic,
击沉一条又一条的船
and sink ship after ship.
邓尼茨会亲自在港口接见 他的潜艇船员
Dönitz personally meets his submarine crews at the port.
德国宣传机器也开足马力
And the German propaganda machine goes into overdrive,
庆祝所谓的美好时光
celebrating the so-called Happy Time.
他们喜欢打造出他们的王牌和英雄
They loved building up their aces and their heroes,
然后让他们登上各种报纸和新闻影片
and putting them all over the newspapers and the newsreels.
邓尼茨也很好地利用了这一点
Dönitz makes great play of this as well
因为他很了解媒体的用途
because he understands what media is all about.
他想把U型潜艇部队放到最前
He wants to put the U-boat arm at the forefront,
这样他就能获得更多U型潜艇
so he gets more U-boats.
所以当成功的U型潜艇船员 回到了港口
So when successful U-boat crews arrive back into port,
他会去接见他们 一起喝香槟
what he tends to do is go and meet them, and they have champagne,
指挥官们会给他们献花 他会跟他们握手
and the commanders give them flowers, and he shakes them by the hand,
摄影记者也再次 电影摄影机也在拍 以及其他
and the press photographers are there, and the film cameras roll and the rest,
让每个人都能看到 U型潜艇船员以及狼群的
so that everyone can see the great heroism and success
伟大的英雄主义和胜利
of these U-boat crews and these wolf packs.
光是“狼群”这个词就很令人兴奋
And there's something exciting and exotic and deadly
很奇异也很致命
about the term "wolf pack,"
更不用提他们实际的战果
let alone, kind of, what they're actually achieving.
像奥托·克瑞奇米尔这样的 U型潜艇王牌
U-boat aces like Otto Kretschmer
成为了第三帝国的海报男孩
become poster boys for the Third Reich.
在16次巡航中 他击沉了47艘船
And in just 16 patrols, he sinks 47 ships.
德国媒体宣扬了 一种迷人版本的U型潜艇生活
The German media promotes a glamorous version of U-boat life,
因此舰队从来不缺少新兵
and the fleet is never short of new recruits.
宣传机构试图 让大众相信他们过得很愉快
The propaganda tried to persuade the public that they had a good time,
但那更像是一个例外
but it was more like an exception.
在现实中 最多会有35人
In reality, upwards of 35 men
挤在一个狭小的空间里 一次就要待上数周
are crammed into a tiny space for weeks at a time.
他们被逼到了精神和肉体的极限
They're pushed to their mental and physical limits,
特别是当U型潜艇在水下躲避敌人时
especially when the U-boats hide underwater from the enemy.
你几乎连呼吸都不被允许
You are hardly allowed to breathe.
也不被允许走动 或是发出声音
You aren't allowed to walk or not make a sound,
因为会被听到
because they can hear you.
我们在水下待了48个小时
We were down there for 48 hours,
因为我们有某种空气过滤系统
because we have a kind of a filtration system.
你可以想象空气质量会是怎样的
You can imagine what the air was like in there.
浓得可以用刀切开
You could cut it with a knife.
你会吊挂在接近舱室顶部的位置 挣扎着呼吸
And you were hanging near the top, gasping to get some air.
有趣的是 如果你在被U型潜艇攻击
It's very interesting because if you are being attacked by a U-boat,
你会觉得U型潜艇占尽所有优势
you feel that the U-boat holds all the aces.
就像是隐藏在阴影中追踪你的鬼魂
You know, it's this kind of hidden ghost stalking you in the shadows.
但如果你在U型潜艇上 你在水下
But if you're on a U-boat, you're under the water.
你也不知道自己什么时候会被攻击
You have no idea when you're gonna be attacked.
你只知道在驱逐舰经过你头顶时
What you do know is that you can hear
你能听到它的螺旋桨旋转声
the little whir of the... of the propeller of the destroyer as it goes over you.
然后就是一个可怕的时刻
And then, there's this awful moment where you're just waiting
你会等待第一颗深水炸♥弹♥爆♥炸♥
for the first of the depth charges to explode.
如果你遭到重创并且沉没
And if you're badly hit and just sinking to the bottom of the sea,
你什么都做不了 只会窒息而死
there's nothing you can do, you'll suffocate.
当U型潜艇的宣传 吸引了希♥特♥勒♥的注意力
When the U-boat propaganda catches Hitler's attention,
他增加了潜艇的产量
he increases submarine production.
但随着狼群数量的增加
But as the wolf packs grow in number,
他们的加密信息也在增加
so does the volume of their coded messages.
英国政♥府♥建立了一所绝密的密♥码♥学校
The British government sets up a top secret cipher school
位于米尔顿凯恩斯 叫做布莱切利园
in Milton Keynes called Bletchley Park
并且招募了最聪明的人手 来破解恩尼格玛密♥码♥
and recruits the smartest men and women to crack the Enigma code.
破解团队由28岁的杰出数学家
The code-breakers are led by a brilliant 28-year-old mathematician
艾伦·图灵领导
called Alan Turing.
艾伦·图灵非常古怪
Alan Turing was very eccentric,
他看世界的方式非常不同
had a very different way of looking at the world.
他是Hut8小组的领导 该小组负责破解恩尼格玛密♥码♥
He was the head of Hut 8, which was the head of cracking the Enigma code.
图灵改进了 最初由波兰破解团队制♥造♥的
Turing develops a machine first built by Polish code-breakers,
用于模仿恩尼格玛设备的机器
which aims to mimic the Enigma device.
图灵是一位计算机先驱
Turing is a pioneer of the computer.
那是一台复杂到难以置信的设备
You know, it's an unbelievably complex piece of equipment.
他的杰出之处在于
And what he is brilliant at
将电子学和数学结合在一起
is using electronics and mathematics together
尝试破解那些密♥码♥
to try and crack those codes.
剑桥毕业生琼·克拉克 加入了他的团队
His team is joined by Cambridge graduate Joan Clarke,
她在破解密♥码♥方面做出了巨大的贡献
who makes a significant contribution to the code-breaking efforts.
克拉克在德军的信息中
Clarke identifies patterns or phrases
发现了重复的片段或短语
that repeat in the Germans' messages,
破解团队将其称为“小抄”
which the code-breakers call "cribs."
“希♥特♥勒♥万岁”经常出现
"Heil Hitler" appeared very often.
所以如果你在密♥码♥中找到了这些字母
And so if you got those letters in the code,
然后你就可以开始把这些字母
then you could start to apply those letters to other letters,
应用于其他的字母 并且开始破解出信息
and start to work out what the message said.
这些小抄被输入了图灵的机器
These cribs are fed into Turing's machine,
机器就能破解出全部信息
which can then decrypt the full message.
尽管团队获得了一些成功
But although the team have some success,
但德军每天都会改变 恩尼格玛密♥码♥机的设置
the Germans change the Enigma settings every day,
使得破解团队无法跟上
and the code-breakers just can't keep up.
到了1940年夏季
In the summer of 1940,
在敦刻尔克的惨败中
Britain suffers heavy naval losses
英国海军遭受了重大损失
during a devastating defeat at Dunkirk.
因此很多船队仅能配备一艘护航舰只
As a consequence, many convoys are forced to travel with only one escort.
这也让他们成为了 狼群容易下手的猎物
And this makes them easy prey for the wolf packs.
对于英国新首相温斯顿·丘吉尔来说
For the new British prime minister, Winston Churchill,
U型潜艇威胁的后果是显而易见的
the consequences of the U-boat menace are stark.
丘吉尔有句名言 真正让他害怕
Churchill famously says that the only thing that truly terrified him
并且彻夜难眠的就是 U型潜艇带来的危险
and kept him awake at night was the U-boat peril.
你也能够理解
And you can understand why,
因为所有的物资 都是通过大西洋运到英国的
because all shipping flows into Britain via the Atlantic,
不管是来自于澳大利亚还是印度
whether it's coming from Australia or from India.
没有这些供给 就无法击败纳粹德国
And without those supplies, Nazi Germany cannot be defeated.
所以英国作为攻击纳粹德国的基地 是至关重要的
So Britain as a base from which to attack Nazi Germany is absolutely vital.
在英国的至暗时刻期间
During Britain's darkest hour,
丘吉尔请求外国海军帮助护航商船
Churchill asks foreign navies for help escorting merchant ships.
而加拿大是第一个站出来的