彩色二战简史：胜利之路（2021）

和志愿协助日军的冲绳人
who had volunteered to assist the Japanese.
话虽如此
Having said that,
日本人总是把冲绳人
the Japanese always treated the Okinawans
当成二等公民
like second-class citizens,
他们从来都不是大和民族的全权成员
and they were never fully-fledged members of the Japanese race.
对日本人来说 他们有点像是边缘民族
To the Japanese, they were the... kind of like a borderland…people
操着奇怪的方言 有着奇怪的姓氏
with a strange dialect and, uh, strange last names.
而美军面临的问题是 冲绳人到底是敌是友
The question for the Americans is, are the Okinawans friend or foe?
美军在附近有了一个令人恐惧的发现
Nearby, U.S. troops make a chilling discovery.
型号♥不明的飞机
Unidentified aircraft
具有革命性的性能
with revolutionary capability.
飞机似乎是喷气推进的
They appear jet-propelled.
在太平洋战场的这个阶段
There was no such thing as a jet fighter,
还不存在喷气式战斗机
certainly in the Pacific at this stage of the war,
它看起来肯定像是 某种科幻小说中的武器
and it must have seemed like some kind of weapon from science fiction.
飞机没有用于起飞和降落的起落架
There's no undercarriage to allow for takeoff and landing.
而飞行员很基本的控制面板上显示 它的时速能达到每小时800公里
And the pilot's basic controls indicate it can fly at 500 miles per hour.
出于好奇 工兵拆掉了鼻锥
Intrigued, engineers remove the nose cone
里面是一颗巨大的炸♥弹♥
to reveal a huge bomb.
4月6日 日军亮出了他们的秘密武器
The 6th of April, the Japanese unleashed their secret weapon.
数百架飞机接近了冲绳岛
Hundreds of planes approach Okinawa.
这些不是喷气推进的原型机 而是普通飞机
These aren't the jet-fueled prototypes, but ordinary aircraft.
他们的飞行员试图 将他们的飞机撞向舰队
Their pilots are trying to smash their planes into the fleet,
进行自杀攻击
committing suicide.
他们的首要目标 是巨大的航母和战列舰
Their primary targets are the huge aircraft carriers and battleships.
他们的策略是撞击舰队 迫使其撤退
The strategy is to smash the fleet, force it to withdraw,
然后再清理已经登陆的部队
so you can then mop up the troops who've been landed
因为他们无法获得补给
because, of course, they then can't be resupplied,
也肯定无法获得任何支援
and they certainly can't have any reinforcements.
350多架神风特攻飞机
The attack made by over 350 kamikazes,
在护航战机协助下发起的攻击
aided by escort fighters,
持续了五个小时
lasts five hours.
他们开始将攻击分散 不以大型波次攻击
They start dividing their attacks, not in mass waves,
而是在不同高度 从不同方向
but in lots of small packages at different altitudes,
以很多小波次进行攻击 这让防御任务变得极其复杂
from different directions, which enormously complicate the defensive task.
想象一下一位炮位上的水手 看着这些飞机飞过来
Imagine what the mindset might be
知道他们准备自杀 这水手的心态会是怎样
of a sailor in a gun tub watching these planes coming in, knowing that they would give their lives.
日军持续不断的自杀攻击 真是太可怕了
It was just terrifying, the constant rain of Japanese suicide attacks.
除了用高射炮和机♥枪♥打出巨大的弹幕
There was nothing to do but to put up a massive screen
试图击落这些飞机 没有其他的办法
of flak and machine-gun fire and try to bring these things down.
22架神风特攻飞机达成了目标
Twenty-two kamikazes achieve their goal,
击沉了6艘船 击伤了其他18艘
sinking six ships and damaging 18 others.
350名美军船员遇难
Three hundred and fifty U.S. crewmen are killed.
在美军士兵看来 神风特攻这种事
The thing about the kamikaze effort, from the standpoint of American servicemen,
在一定程度上证明了一种想法
it sort of emphatically validates the notion
那就是日本人不但是不同的种族
that the Japanese are basically people, not even of a different race,
更有点像来自于外星球
it's like they're from a totally alien constellation.
我是说 没人会这样战斗
I mean, no one fights this way.
此时日本的决策者 包括天♥皇♥
Japanese decision makers, including the emperor by this point,
已经意识到在公平对战中 是没有希望击败美国的
realize that there's no hope of defeating the United States in a... in a fair fight.
在1945年初 一个新词被加入了日语词典
In early 1945, a new phrase has entered the Japanese lexicon.
“特攻魂”这个词
The term "Special Attack Spirit,"
或是 我想在美国 人们会将其称做“神风魂”
or what I suppose in America people would call the "kamikaze spirit,"
开始被广为流传
began to be bandied about.
“神风”这个词 意思是“神的风”
The word "Kamikaze," "The God's Wind,"
来自于日本封建时期
came from feudal Japan. -
在13世纪
In the 13th century,
忽必烈的蒙古大军威胁要入侵日本
the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan had threatened to invade.
日本很幸运 台风来了
Lucky for Japan, the typhoon came
摧毁了蒙古大军
and wiped out, uh, the Mongol forces.
日本军方在1940年代 希望能以此激励士兵
Japanese military in 1940s hoped to use that to encourage soldiers
勇敢起来 成为那种风
to brave themselves to become that wind.
神风魂其实就是
The kamikaze spirit is simply the sense that,
如果需要 飞行员将会为天♥皇♥牺牲自己
if needed, that the pilot will sacrifice himself for the emperor.
神风魂的根源始于莱特湾
The roots of the kamikaze spirit begin at Leyte Gulf,
六个月前
six months earlier,
大西泷治郎上将
as Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi
目睹美国海军摧毁了日本舰队
witnesses the U.S. Navy destroy the Japanese Fleet.
大西泷治郎想要做个试验
Ōnishi wanted to try an experiment.
他寻找志愿者驾驶自己的飞机
He asked for volunteers who would be willing to fly their airplanes
去撞击并击沉美国♥军♥舰
into American ships and sink them.
试验结果非常好
It worked spectacularly well.
只用了十几架飞机和十几位飞行员
With only a dozen planes and a dozen pilots,
他就在莱特湾击沉了几艘小护航航母
he sank several of the small jeep carriers off Leyte Gulf,
击伤了更多艘
damaged even more.
大西泷治郎说服了日本最高统帅部
Ōnishi convinced the Japanese High Command,
如果你们采用这个模式 并进行极大地扩展
if you take this model and expand it enormously,
这可能就会成为制胜战略
that it could in fact be a war-winning strategy.
到了1944年底 他们正式开始招募神风特攻队
By the end of 1944, they began to recruit officially for these Kamikaze Corps.
能被选中是巨大的荣耀
It was a great honor to be chosen.
实际上 有一些人因为没被选入
In fact, some people were very upset
这支被视为精英的部队 而感到非常恼火
that they couldn't get into what was seen as an elite.
随着冲绳行动的展开
As the Okinawa campaign was getting underway,
日军将其作为 针对美军的总体进攻战略
the Japanese embraced it as an overall offensive strategy against the Americans.
但有一个问题
But there's one problem.
到了1945年春季
By the spring of 1945,
日军已经失去了绝大部分熟练飞行员
the Japanese have lost most of their skilled pilots.
他们选择转而使用青少年新手
They choose to turn to teenage novices.
他们大概16到17岁
They were like 16 or 17 years old.
受过良好教育
They were well educated.
他们没有受过很好的训练 所以他们在战斗中
They were not well trained, and so their first flight
第一次飞行也很可能是最后一次
may be their last flight in the battle.
他们觉得自己别无选择
They felt that they had no choice,
因为如果他们拒绝执行 这项光荣的任务
because if they refuse to serve this honorable, uh, task,
他们家中的家人 可能会感到耻辱或者受到歧视
their family back home might be ashamed or discriminated.
在美国入侵冲绳岛之前不久
Days before the U.S. invasion of Okinawa,
这段稀有的影片展示了
this rare film shows the youthful flyers
年轻的飞行员们 为他们的致命任务做最后的准备
making their final preparations for their fatal missions.
日军向特攻队调拨了
The Japanese allocate close to three and a half thousand planes
大约3500架飞机
to the special attack squadrons.
他们的意图是 击沉尽可能多的美军船只
Their intention is to sink as many American ships as possible,
让美军震惊 以致于甚至可能撤走他们的舰队
to sicken the Americans to the extent that they might possibly withdraw their fleet,
但肯定会让他们意识到
but certainly will realize that the capture of this island
夺取这个岛 将会招致大量的牺牲
is going to incur an awful loss of life.
这种凶残的袭击是一次 对美国海军将领们毋庸置疑的重击
The murderous raid is an undeniable hammer blow to U.S. Naval chiefs.
有人讨论过 我们能承受多少这种攻击
There was some talk about, uh, how much of this can we take?
在无法忍♥受之前 我们能承受多少损失
What kind of losses can we absorb before it becomes intolerable?
在他们讨论下一步行动时 消息传来了
As they debate their next move, news arrives.
国父罗斯福总统去世了
President Roosevelt, the father of the nation, is dead.
美国流露出的悲伤
The outpouring of grief in America
是由衷且深刻的
is heartfelt and profound.
这是他们过去12年多的领袖
This has been their leader for the last 12-plus years.
这对国家 尤其是对军队来说 是一个巨大的震惊
This was a tremendous shock to the nation and particularly the armed forces.
仅有少数人知道罗斯福已经重病数月
What few people know is that Roosevelt had been gravely ill for months.
到了1945年初 罗斯福的健康状况每况愈下
By the beginning of 1945, FDR's health is falling apart,
他体内已经开始衰竭
and he is a shell of the man that he was.
这是管理这场战争的 持续压力造成的后果
Just the constant pressure of having to manage this war.
在胜利几乎就在眼前时失去罗斯福
The loss of FDR at the time when victory
沉重打击了美国人♥民♥
seems to be almost within sight is a very heavy blow to the Americans.
结束欧洲和太平洋战事的重任
Responsibility for bringing the wars in Europe and the Pacific to a close
落在了罗斯福的副总统 哈里·杜鲁门肩上
now falls on Roosevelt's vice president, Harry Truman.
但杜鲁门自己承认
By Truman's own admission, he lacks both the skills and experience
他缺乏担任总统的能力和经验
for the presidency.
但他的首要任务就是冲绳岛战役
But top of his agenda is the battle for Okinawa.
我叔叔和哈里·杜鲁门 出身于同一个区域
My uncle, who was from the same home area as Harry Truman,
他当时是太平洋上的年轻水手
was a young sailor out in the Pacific.
当他听说杜鲁门要接任总统时
And when he hears that Truman is gonna take over as president,
我叔叔的反应是 “我们现在有麻烦了”
my uncle's response was "We're in trouble now."
杜鲁门立即宣布 他作为总统的全部任务
Truman immediately announced that his total mission as president
就是继续执行 富兰克林·罗斯福的政策
was to execute the legacies of Franklin Roosevelt.