彩色二战简史：胜利之路（2021）

One of the reasons why the Marianas were so important to both sides,
对于日本来说 还攸关存亡的原因之一
but existentially important to the Japanese,
是因为从塞班岛的机场起飞
was because from the airfields on Saipan,
美军的远程轰炸机可以到达日本本土
long-range American bombers could just reach the home islands of Japan,
包括东京
including Tokyo.
而美军拥有一种全新的武器
And the Americans had a brand-new weapon
能够利用这一机会
able to exploit that opportunity.
那就是二战中制♥造♥的 最昂贵的武器平台
It was the single most expensive weapons platform ever built in World War II.
B-29超级堡垒轰炸机
It's the B-29 bomber.
如果这些飞机抵达了他们城市的上空
The prospect of these planes arriving over their cities
而日本最高统帅部却依然告诉大众
when, really, the Japanese High Command has been telling its population,
“别担心 我们依然在赢得战争”
"Don't worry, we're still winning the war,"
那将会是 一个非常令人震惊的心理瞬间
would've been a really shocking psychological moment
他们的大众将会亲眼目睹
in which their civilian population would've seen with their eyes
实际上敌人正在靠近
that actually the enemy were getting close.
而这些飞机抵达东京会如此震惊
And there's another reason why the arrival of these planes
还有另外一个原因
over Tokyo would be so shocking,
那就是因为这会直接威胁到
and that's because they would be a direct threat
日本最重要的人
to the most important person in Japan.
这个人就是日本天♥皇♥裕仁
That person is Japan's emperor, Hirohito,
他不仅被尊为国家元首 并且还是天神下凡
revered not just as Head of State, but as a living god.
居住在东京皇居的他
At the Imperial Palace of Tokyo,
还有他的家人现在处于 敌军炸♥弹♥的直接射程之内
he and his family are now in the direct firing line of enemy bombs.
裕仁并未直接指挥过战事
Hirohito does not exercise any direct control over the war effort,
但他很清楚战争的情况
but he's very well informed about what is going on.
天♥皇♥是个聪明人
Emperor was an intelligent man.
他的确有些意见 但他会通过提问
So he did have opinions, but he raised the point
来提出这些意见
by asking questions.
但他偶尔也会 以一种更像是命令的方式来表达意见
But once in a while, he did express it in a more, like, command form.
塞班岛就是其中之一
Saipan was one of those cases.
他知道B-29会开始攻击东京
He knew B-29s would start attacking Tokyo.
所以他真心相信
And so he sincerely believed that this was
这是日本必须 不惜一切代价守住的地方
something that Japan must defend at all cost.
这是一次罕见的干预 裕仁命令东条英机和军队
In a rare intervention, Hirohito orders Tojo and the military
尽全力守住群岛
to do everything they can to keep the islands.
在日本军国主义最盛行时
The generation who grew up in the peak
成长起来的一代人
of the rise of militarism in Japan,
那一代人从幼年起接受的教育就是
that generation received the education from very early childhood
天♥皇♥是天神下凡
that the emperor was a living god
他是神圣的
and he was sacred.
如果你是一名帝国♥军♥官
If you are an imperial officer
你收到了天♥皇♥的直接命令
and you have been given a direct order by the emperor,
这本质上就是你的天神告诉你
in essence, you are being told by your god
你要执行这项命令
that you are to carry this out.
这是不容置疑的
There's no questioning that.
绝对需要你来执行这项命令
It is absolutely required that you carry this order out,
哪怕是要用你的生命做代价
even if it costs you your life.
当天♥皇♥的命令传达到了 塞班岛陆军司令
When the emperor's order reaches the Army Commander on Saipan,
斋藤义次将军手中时
General Saitō,
他开足马力准备应对迫在眉睫的入侵
he goes into overdrive to prepare for the imminent invasion.
日军决心不能让天空中的炸♥弹♥
The Japanese were determined that the emperor's life
危及到天♥皇♥的性命
would not be put in jeopardy by bombs raining from the sky,
所以他们决心要不惜一切 守住马里亚纳群岛
so they were determined to defend the Marianas at all cost.
他们把绝大部分防御都集中在滩头
They concentrated most of their defenses on the beachhead.
他们有碉堡 挖得很好的防御阵地 还布了雷
They had pillboxes, they had well-dug-in defensive positions, they had emplaced mines,
陷阱 战壕
booby traps, trenches,
基本上你想得到的都有
pretty much anything you can think of.
在他的陆军做准备时
As his army prepares,
东条英机首相了解这次任务的规模
Prime Minister Tojo knows the scale of the task.
日军面对的不仅仅是两栖登陆部队
Japan is facing not just amphibious landing divisions,
而是美国海上力量的全力进攻
but the full might of American sea power.
有两栖及后勤舰队
You had the amphibious and logistics fleets
还有第五舰队担任打击力量
and then you had the Fifth Fleet which was the striking force.
有15艘不同的航母
You had 15 different aircraft carriers.
这些航母上载有大约一千架战机
Almost a thousand warplanes deployed on those carriers.
所以这是一支庞大的舰队
And so this was a vast fleet.
事实上这是有史以来集结的
In fact, this was the largest and most powerful naval striking force
最大规模最强大的海军打击力量
that had ever been assembled in history.
现在 日本人已经知道 美军在入侵塞班岛之后
By now, the Japanese know that the Americans are gonna have no difficulty
在补给部队方面不会有问题
resupplying the forces on the island after the invasion.
71000名美军 共有三个师 两个陆战队师 一个陆军师
71,000 U.S. troops, three divisions, two Marines, one Army,
每天都需要给他们补给弹♥药♥ 食物和其他所有一切
they have to be supplied daily with ammunition, food, everything else.
这就是航母对太平洋战争 如此关键的原因
This is why carriers were so essential to the Pacific War,
如果航母带来的 战术空中力量没有就位
because you can't take or hold ground on any of these island groups
你就无法夺取或者守住 这些岛屿中的任何一个
without the carriers bringing that tactical air into position.
在这支庞大的无敌舰队 前往马里亚纳群岛的同时
As this huge armada heads for the Marianas,
东条英机启用了 一份酝酿多年的作战计划
Tojo engages a battle plan that has been years in the making.
他完成天♥皇♥使命的唯一机会
His only chance of obeying his emperor
就是先发制人攻击美军舰队
is a preemptive strike on the American fleet,
切断他们对登陆部队的支持
cutting their support to the landing forces.
日军对他们所谓的大舰队之战
The Japanese had been looking for what they called the great fleet battle
从战争一开始就非常期待
since the beginning of the war.
给美国海军来上致命一击
You know, deliver a knockout blow to the U.S. Navy.
他们觉得在马里亚纳群岛 或许能够实现这一愿望
And they feel like they might get this at the Marianas,
因为美军集结了这么多航母
because the U.S. is concentrating so many carriers
还有这么多护航舰只 要让这么大规模的部队登陆
and so many escorts there, landing such a big force.
我认为决定性一战 对日军的吸引力如此之大
I think the reason the single decisive battle is so attractive to the Japanese
是因为他们相信作为一个武士国家
is because they believe that as a warrior nation,
他们天生就比美国人优越
they are inherently superior to the Americans.
美国人永远不会像他们那样拼命战斗 这就是他们所相信的
The Americans are never gonna fight as hard as them, that's what they believed.
尽管对手在物质上更强大 1944年的美国无疑是这样
Even if he materially is stronger, like America undoubtedly was by 1944,
但你削弱了他们的精神
you sap his spirit.
如果日军想要打出致命一击
If the Japanese are going to deliver a decisive blow,
他们也需要依赖于他们航母的火力
they too will need to rely on the firepower of their aircraft carriers.
有一个人比任何人都更了解这些巨舰
One man who understands these great vessels better than anyone
他就是小泽治三郎中将
is Vice-Admiral Ozawa.
在大多数人看来 小泽治三郎
Now, Ozawa was, by most opinions,
是他们最好的航母指挥官
the best carrier commander they had available.
但他在另一个方面也很突出
But he also stood out in another way,
在日本社会中 成年男性的平均身高
and that is that in a society where the average adult male height
是165米到167米
was between 5'5" and 5'6",
而小泽治三郎不♥穿♥鞋就有两米高
Ozawa stood six feet, seven inches in his stocking feet.
按照大部分日本水手的说法
He's very tall and he's also very ugly,
他非常高 也非常丑陋
according to most of the Japanese sailors.
他们叫他“鬼瓦”
They call him "The Gargoyle."
但他是非常好的军官
But a very fine officer.
而且也非常了解航母海战
And also really understands carrier warfare,
对如何运用这件武器有非常好的感觉
has a good feeling for how this weapon operates.
他崭新的旗舰大凤号♥
From his brand-new flagship, the Taiho,
是参战的九艘航母之一
one of nine aircraft carriers assigned to the battle,
他从大凤号♥上命令他的舰队 在塞班岛以西秘密集结
Ozawa orders his fleet to secretly gather west of Saipan.
他的计划是让美军先开始登岛作战
His plan is to allow the Americans to begin their invasion of the island
然后起飞数百架飞机
before launching hundreds of aircraft
出其不意地攻击美军舰队
to strike the fleet when they're least expecting it.
他知道与敌军相比 他有一项巨大的优势
And he knows he has one great advantage over the enemy.
小泽治三郎战略的关键之一
One of the key elements to Ozawa's strategy
就是他知道美军有一些强大的战机
is that he knows the Americans have got some pretty formidable fighters.
他们从太平洋战争初期以来 已经改进了许多
They've been improving a lot since the early stages of the Pacific War.
但跟美军战机相比 他的战机有一项巨大的优势
But his aircraft has one big advantage over the American planes,
那就是作战半径
and that's its range.
日军给他们的舰队配备了 新一代的俯冲轰炸机
The Japanese had brought new generation dive bombers and torpedo bombers
和鱼雷轰炸机
into their fleet.
这些新战机的作战半径非常大
And these new aircraft were very long-range planes.
他们实际上能够 比美军手中对应的战机飞得更远
They actually had the ability to fly farther than the corresponding aircraft in the American inventory.
小泽治三郎认为 “我能够从远距离对美军发起进攻
Ozawa thought, "I can strike at the Americans
而他们却够不到我”
from so far away that they can't reach me."
“我可以躲在 他们重型飞机的作战半径之外
"I can stay out of range of their heavy airplanes,
用我的轻型飞机攻击他们
strike them with my lighter airplanes,
这就给了我优势”
and that gives me an advantage."
但小泽治三郎最大的优势 是他对群岛的掌控
But Ozawa's greatest advantage is his control of the islands themselves.
这些岛屿是关键的加油站