彩色二战简史：胜利之路（2021）

1945年2月23日
六名陆战队员在硫磺岛折钵山顶上
Six Marines raised the Stars and Stripes
升起了星条旗
atop Mount Suribachi in Iwo Jima.
这是美国国旗 第一次在日本领土上飘扬
It's the first time the U.S. flag has flown on Japanese soil.
两天之后 这张胜利的画面
Two days later, the triumphant image adorns the front covers
登上了全美各种报纸的头版
of newspapers across the U.S.
它成为了美国战争的标志性画面之一
It becomes one of the defining images of America's war.
但隐藏在这张著名画面背后的是
But what this famous image hides
为争夺这个小岛所付出的真正代价
is the true cost of the battle for this tiny island.
这绝对是一次可怕的经历
It's an absolute horror show
而陆战队不得不尽力去忍♥受
that the Marines have just got to endure as best they can.
战斗开始48小时之内
In the first 48 hours of combat,
陆战队就付出了
over three and a half thousand Marines
3500人的伤亡
are killed and wounded.
对于这样一个 相对无关紧要的地方来说
Losses that were so heavy and so unexpected
损失真是非常惨重 非常出乎意料
for such a relatively insignificant place,
以致于罗斯福听说之后都留下了眼泪
that Roosevelt, when he heard of it, he wept.
美国大众并不知道
What the American public doesn't know,
屠♥杀♥才刚刚开始
is that the slaughter is only just beginning.
日军的目标是让美军
The Japanese objective was to make the Americans pay
用血和时间付出尽可能大的代价
as much as possible in blood and time.
争夺这一个21平方公里小岛的战役
The battle for the eight-mile-square rock
成为了陆战队历史上最血腥的一战
becomes the bloodiest in Marine history.
为了争夺岛上每一寸土地 都有一名士兵牺牲
For every inch of that island, they had lost a soldier.
美军在硫磺岛浴血奋战的同时
As it wades in the blood of Iwo Jima,
却还有输掉另一场战役的风险
America risks losing another battle,
争取国内支持的战役
the battle for hearts and minds back home.
我们为什么要在这个 被上帝遗弃的小岛上牺牲这么多人
Why are we losing all these people on this godforsaken island?
彩色二战：胜利之路
第 8 集 硫 磺 岛
塞班岛
1944年11月
一支由巨大的B-29轰炸机组成的中队 正准备去执行一项重要任务
A squadron of giant U.S. B-29 bombers is being prepared for a vital mission,
袭击日本首都东京
a strike on the Japanese capital, Tokyo.
襟翼位置
上
下
陆军航♥空♥军夸口说 B-29超级堡垒轰炸机
The Army Air Forces boast that the Superfortress, as the B-29 is known,
是有史以来最接近不可抗力的武器
is the nearest thing to an irresistible force ever devised.
B-29并不是最先进的 而是已经超越了最先进
The B-29 was not really state of the art. It was ahead of the state of the art.
配备有加压机舱
It had pressurized cabins
所以它可以飞得比任何飞机都高
so it could fly much higher than any plane had ever done before.
飞得还很快 最高速度可以达到每小时6♥4♥3公里
It was very fast. It could go up to 400 miles an hour.
载弹量当然也更大 滞空更久 航程更远
It carried, of course, a heavier bomb load and it had more endurance, longer range.
从关岛和塞班岛的美军基地起飞
From U.S. bases in Guam and Saipan,
超级堡垒可以抵达2400公里之外的 日本首都并返航
the Superforts can fly the 1,500 miles to the Japanese capital and back
中途无需加油
without needing to refuel.
这真正改变了局势
It was a real game changer in the sense
日本本土终于进入了美军轰炸的范围
that it finally brought the home islands into range of American bombing.
但这种二战中最强大的轰炸机 也有一个大问题
But the most potent bombers of World War II have a big problem.
从塞班岛和关岛起飞的B-29轰炸机
B-29 bombers from Saipan and Guam
在空袭日本时需要战斗机护航
needed fighter protection in their air raids over Japan.
但没有战斗机能从塞班岛飞到东京
No fighter could fly all the way from Saipan to Tokyo.
根据1944年欧洲和太平洋的惨痛经历
Based on bitter experience in Europe and in the Pacific by 1944,
如果你要进行一次战略轰炸行动
that if you're going to conduct a strategic bombing campaign,
那么你的轰炸机就得有战斗机护航
you want bombers to be escorted by fighter aircraft.
陆军航♥空♥军提出了 一个简单的解决方案
The Army Air Forces argue there's a simple solution…
夺取日本的硫磺岛
to take the Japanese island of Iwo Jima.
它正处在美军轰炸机
It's right smack in the middle of the transit route
往返马里亚纳群岛 和日本的航线正中
for all of the American bombers that are going back and forth between Marianas and Japan.
这个21平方公里的小岛现在变成了
The eight-mile-square island is now the first line of defense
日本抵抗盟军入侵本土的第一道防线
against the Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands.
他们在岛上配备了防空雷达
They put air defense radars there.
岛上还有三条跑道 使战斗机能够起飞
They have three airstrips on the island to scramble fighters
防御从马里亚纳群岛飞来的B-29
against the B-29s coming from the Marianas.
驻扎在硫磺岛的日军战机
Japanese aircraft stationed in Iwo Jima
还对塞班岛的美军基地 发起了报复袭击
are also launching retaliatory strikes against the American base in Saipan.
袭击摧毁了11架B-29
Raids have destroyed 11 B-29s
并严重损坏了另外8架
and badly damaged eight more.
损失这些飞机是一笔昂贵的买♥♥卖♥♥
Losing these aircraft is an expensive business.
超级堡垒的总开♥发♥费用是30亿美元
The total cost of the development of the Superfortress was three billion.
比开♥发♥原♥子♥弹♥的费用还要多10亿
That's a billion more than it costs, uh, to develop atomic weapons.
要拿到那么多钱 你得拿出一些相当显著的战果
To get that much money, you've gotta show significant results.
美国陆军航♥空♥军总司令 亨利·“哈普”·阿诺德将军
General Henry "Hap" Arnold, the head of the U.S. Army Air Forces,
认为B-29能够让日本屈服
believes the B-29s can bring Japan to its knees.
现在日本帝国全境都在我们的射程中
No part of the Japanese empire is now out of our range.
没有哪一家兵工厂能躲开我们的炸♥弹♥
No war factory too remote to feel our bombs.
攻击日本的战役正全速进行
The battle for Japan is now underway with full speed ahead.
他试图证明战略轰炸能带来战略成果
He's trying to demonstrate that strategic bombing can produce strategic results
不用入侵就能结束这场战争
and actually end this war without an invasion.
对阿诺德来说 风险更大的是
For Arnold, there's even more at stake.
他想要让航♥空♥军脱离陆军的控制
He wants to free the Air Force from the Army's control.
他们把自己看作是最高级的军种
They see themselves as being the supreme service.
他们认为在未来战争中
They think air power is going to be
空军力量将会是最重要的方面
the most important aspect of future warfare.
B-29的日本空袭行动
The B-29 campaign against Japan
将会作为他们是否有权 成为独♥立♥军种的最后论据
would be the closing argument on their right to be an independent service.
陆军航♥空♥军说服了盟军
The Army Air Forces convinced the Allies
有必要夺取硫磺岛
that the seizure of Iwo Jima was necessary
来为空袭提供战斗机支持
to provide fighter support for the bombing raids.
盟军在太平洋的攻势是双管齐下
The Allied campaign in the Pacific was a two-pronged thrust across the Pacific,
一边是从南面的澳大利亚出发
one coming out from the south from Australia
顺着新几内亚到菲律宾
along New Guinea to the Philippines,
另一边则是横跨中太平洋的跳岛攻势
and the other an island-hopping campaign across the Central Pacific.
到了1944年夏末
By late summer 1944,
切斯特·尼米兹上将的海军
Admiral Chester Nimitz's Naval Force has liberated
已经解放了马里亚纳群岛的 关岛 天宁岛和塞班岛
the Mariana Islands of Guam, Tinian, and Saipan.
现在硫磺岛进入了尼米兹的视线
Now, Nimitz has Iwo Jima in his sights.
最近的战役都很血腥
Recent battles have been bloody,
但硫磺岛可能会是一次更艰难的挑战
but Iwo Jima is likely to be an even tougher challenge.
这里并不像其他的岛屿
It was not like other islands
例如塞班岛 马里亚纳群岛 或是马绍尔群岛
like Saipan or Marianas and, uh, Marshalls.
那些岛屿几乎就像是
Those were almost like colonial gains
日本在一战后获得的殖民地收益
Japan got after World War I,
但硫磺岛却是日本本土的一部分
but Iwo Jima was part of Japan proper.
岛上没有平民
There's no civilian population there.
岛上的每个人
Every single person on that island is a Japanese soldier
都是不惜牺牲生命的日军士兵
intending to sell it dearly with his life.
如果军队无法守住一个本土岛屿
If military could not defend a home Island,
那对于战争行为而言 真是个坏消息
that will be really bad news to, uh, you know, war efforts.
1944年11月 美国开始对硫磺岛进行
In November 1944, the U.S. begins an air assault on Iwo Jima
持续了两个多月的空袭
that lasts over two months.
尽可能多地消灭岛上的防守力量 是很重要的
It was important to neutralize as much as possible the defensive force ashore.
1945年2月16日
On the 16th of February, 1945,
作战舰队也加入了战斗
the battle fleet enters the fray.
大型战列舰和重型巡洋舰对任何 看起来可能构建了防御工事的地方
The big battleships and heavy cruisers lob 14-inch, 8-inch,
倾泄了14英寸 8英寸 甚至是5英寸的炮弹
and even 5-inch shells into any place that looked like it might be fortified.
海军航母上的战机也加入了战斗
Planes from the Navy's aircraft carrier force join the party,
轰炸和扫射了硫磺岛
bombing and strafing the island.
这包括了折钵山的侧翼
That included into the flanks of Mount Suribachi.
还有空军基地 这当然是最关键的
And the air bases, which were the critical, of course,
这也是夺岛的主要原因
and the main reason to seize the island.
炮艇开始打击敌军的海滩设施
Gunboats move in to work over enemy beach installations.
典型的模式是
The typical pattern has been that the Japanese
日军会把他们的防守力量放在海滩上
would put their defenses right on the beach
而我们的海军炮火能够打击到他们
where we can get at them with naval gunfire.
在之前的行动中 在海滩登陆时
In previous campaigns, there had been an absolute bloodbath
都遇到了一场纯粹的大屠♥杀♥
on the beaches when they first landed.
为了避免重现这种情况 陆战队要求海军进行10天的炮击
To avoid a repeat, the Marines request ten days of naval bombardment.
我们应该基本上能够 将海边的防御力量都蒸发掉
We should be able to basically vaporize those defenses at the water's edge
让陆战队相对容易地上岸
and allow the Marines to come ashore relatively easily.
但空中侦察仅发现了少数明显的目标
But aerial reconnaissance has identified few obvious targets.
而让陆战队非常沮丧的是
And much to the Marines' dismay,
海军仅批准进行3天的密集炮击
the Navy only grants them a three-day barrage.