彩色二战简史：胜利之路（2021）

that buys more time for the defenses in Japan
构建和完善防御
to be built up and perfected.
栗林忠道已经在岛上练兵数月
Kuribayashi has been drilling his troops on the island for months.
岛上的日军采用了
It's a classic sort of guerilla strategy
经典的游击战略
being pursued by the Japanese on this island.
这支部队已经学会了 从容应对匮乏和艰苦
The troops have learned to take deprivation and hardship in their stride.
他们一直被上级殴打
They were beaten up all the time by their superiors,
他们必须忍♥受
and they had to take it.
这都是刻意磨炼他们的计划
This was all part of a deliberate toughening-up program
这样在他们面对真正的敌人时
so that when these guys were unleashed on the actual enemy,
他们才会毫不留情
they would show very little mercy.
硫磺岛的配给有限
On Iwo Jima, it was limited rations.
也没有淡水
And there is no fresh water.
你也知道你在做的事情 基本就是在自掘坟墓
You also know that basically what you're doing is digging your grave.
这些因素结合在一起
You talk about a combination of factors
似乎会摧毁绝大部分战士的士气
that would seemingly destroy morale of most combatants.
但他们都是日本的勇士
But these are Japanese warriors.
陆战队的一个主要不利条件
A major drawback for the Marines
就是缺乏日军部队位置的航摄情报
is the absence of aerial information about Japanese troop positions.
有一位美军飞行员 曾经在从飞机上望出去时说道
There's a moment when an American pilot looks out of his plane
岛上的一半
and comments that one half of the island,
在美军这一半 到处都有动静
the American half of the island, is crawling with movement,
卡车 吉普车 部队
you know, trucks, jeeps, troops.
而岛上的另一半则有炮火的硝烟
The other half of the island has smoke from gunfire,
但在整个区域内 看不到有任何一名日军
but there's not a single Japanese person visible on that entire expanse.
美军依然不了解
The Americans remain unaware
栗林忠道的防御绝招
of Kuribayashi's defensive masterstroke.
栗林忠道用地下隧♥道♥
Kurbayashi has connected most of these bastions
把绝大多数堡垒连接了起来
with these underground tunnels.
这些隧♥道♥帮助栗林忠道的部队
The tunnels have protected Kuribayashi's forces
抵御了数月的海空轰炸
from months of aerial and naval bombardment.
现在又变成了他的主要守岛武器
And now they are a major weapon in his defense of the island.
当一处工事被攻击时
When one of these positions is attacked,
他可以撤走守军
he can withdraw the garrison,
让陆战队对着空地堡喷火
and the Marines are spraying flamethrowers into an empty bunker.
只要陆战队清理完这个地堡 转向下一个目标
And once the Marines have cured that bunker and moved on to the next one,
日军就会通过隧♥道♥重新占领地堡
the Japanese go through the tunnel, reoccupy the bunker,
朝着陆战队的背后开枪
and fire into the backs of the Marines
而陆战队还以为已经把地堡清理完了
that thought they'd just cleaned out that bunker.
强化的蜂巢结构遍布全岛
The fortified honeycomb extends right across the island,
由18公里长的隧♥道♥连接
connected by 11 miles of tunnels,
从南部的折钵山
linking Mount Suribachi in the south
一直连接到栗林忠道 在北部的指挥中心
to Kuribayashi's command center in the north.
在硫磺岛日军阵地上投入的深谋远虑
The forethought that was put into the Japanese positions on Iwo Jima
可能是二战时 日本帝国陆军对抗美军全过程中
was probably the pinnacle of achievement of the Imperial Army
最巅峰的成就
against U.S. forces in World War II.
3月6日 美国报纸将硫磺岛称为
On the 6th of March, U.S. newspapers are billing Iwo Jima
全世界最坚固的岛屿
as the most fortified island in the world.
现在已经有超过2050名陆战队员战死
Over 2,050 Marines are now dead.
有一架轰炸完东京返航的 被击伤的B-29
When a stricken B-29 makes an emergency landing
进行了一次紧急迫降
on its return from bombing Tokyo,
这及时让人想起了入侵的初衷
it's a timely reminder of the invasion's original intent,
那就是要把硫磺岛变成战斗机基地 从而支援美军的空袭
to make Iwo Jima a fighter base to support U.S. bombing raids.
如同硫磺岛战役一样
Like the battle for Iwo,
昂贵的B-29高空轰炸 也未能完全按计划进行
the costly B-29's high-altitude bombing hasn't exactly gone to plan.
轰炸还未产生任何战略影响
They have yet to produce any strategic impact.
陆军航♥空♥军 阿诺德将军
我们从德国上空的战斗中学到了很多 我们依然还在学习中
We learned a lot in those battles over Germany. We're still learning.
但我向你们保证 我们艰难学到的东西
But I assure you that what we have learned the hard way
将会在日本上空被好好利用
will be used to good advantage in the skies over Japan.
陆军航♥空♥军总司令 “哈普”·阿诺德将军
The head of the Army Air Forces, General "Hap" Arnold,
将超级堡垒的指挥权
has handed command of the Superforts
交给了柯蒂斯·李梅少将
to Major General Curtis LeMay.
如果你想要让行动奏效 那么在1944年的陆军航♥空♥军中
If you wanna make an operation work, there is nobody in the Army Air Forces by 1944,
没有人比柯蒂斯·李梅合适
who is better than Curtis LeMay.
李梅研究了空袭东京的B-29的
LeMay studies mission reports and reconnaissance photographs
任务报告和侦察照片
from B-29 raids on Tokyo.
他发现日本几乎已经没有了防空能力
And he realizes that Japan has almost no air defense left.
日军没有优秀的夜间战斗机
The Japanese don't have good night fighters.
防空炮也没有雷达引导
Their anti-aircraft guns are not radar directed.
他们没有中♥央♥空中指挥部
They don't have a centralized air command.
他还决定弃用高爆♥炸♥弹
He also decides to do away with high-explosive bombs,
改用燃♥烧♥弹♥
and instead to use incendiaries.
他想要摧毁城市 而不是仅瞄准军工厂
He's going to try to destroy cities instead of target munitions factories.
他的第一个目标当然是东京
And the first place, of course, he targets is Tokyo.
为了确保最高的精确度
To ensure maximum accuracy,
李梅决定空袭也应该 在低空和夜间进行
LeMay decides the raids should also take place at low altitude
从而减少敌人火力造成的伤亡
and at night to reduce casualties from enemy fire.
实际上 大部分美军飞行员 都认为这会是一次自杀式的任务
Most American pilots feel, in effect, it's going to be a suicide mission.
在3月9日和10日的夜间
On the night of March 9th and 10th,
即便陆战队依然在硫磺岛上战斗
even as the Marines are still fighting on Iwo Jima,
一组探路的B-29咆哮着杀进东京上空
uh, a group of Pathfinder B-29s roars in over Tokyo
以一个巨大的X形状
and drops incendiary weapons
在城市中心投下了燃♥烧♥弹♥
in the form of a giant X in the heart of the city.
这将会是李梅其他部队的轰炸点
And that is gonna be the bombing point for the remainder of LeMay's force.
在接下来的两小时里
For the next two hours,
超过200架B-29咆哮而来
more than 200 B-29s come roaring in
在1500米到2100米的高度投下了炸♥弹♥
between five and seven thousand feet, releasing their bombs.
正如预期 超级堡垒只遇到了很少的抵抗
As predicted, the Superforts meet little resistance,
条件也极其适合燃♥烧♥弹♥轰炸
and conditions are perfect for firebombing.
东京正在经历一个非常干旱的时期
Tokyo is experiencing a very dry spell.
大部分建筑都由木头和纸建造
Most of the buildings are made of wood and paper,
极其适合被燃♥烧♥弹♥攻击
and it is absolutely perfect for an incendiary bomb.
这些再加上东京当晚的大风
That, combined with the very high winds that Tokyo is experiencing that night,
意味着很快就出现了巨大的火灾
means that very quickly you have this enormous conflagration.
东京被投下了超过1500吨♥爆♥炸♥物
More than 1,500 tons of explosives are dropped on Tokyo,
将整个城市变成了熊熊燃烧的炼狱
and turns the entire city into a raging inferno.
温度达到了1800度
Temperatures reach 1,800 degrees,
吸干了空气中的氧气
sucking the oxygen out of the air,
使没被烤死的人也窒息而死
asphyxiating those not roasted to death.
大火还产生了一个火龙卷
It created a tornado-like fire tornado.
日本首都有41平方公里的城区被摧毁
Sixteen square miles of the Japanese capital are destroyed.
至少杀死了8万人
It killed at least 80-some-thousand people,
实际可能不止10万人
probably more like 100,000 people.
这个数字 比原♥子♥弹♥轰炸长崎的死亡人数还要高
These are greater numbers than were actually lost in the atomic bombing of Nagasaki.
而且还不仅仅是东京
Uh, and it wasn't just Tokyo.
这只是接下来几周里 对日本主要城市
This was the start of a series of firebombings
进行的一系列燃♥烧♥弹♥轰炸的开始
of the major Japanese cities that would go on in the weeks to come.
所有这些空袭都是在 没有战斗机护航的情况下进行的
All these raids are made without fighter escort,
使陆军航♥空♥军 最初夺取硫磺岛的理由变得多余
rendering the Army Air Force's original reason for taking Iwo Jima redundant.
原本的需求是夺取机场 从而支援轰炸行动
The need was to get the airfields there to support the bombing campaign.
但战略轰炸部队通过在夜间轰炸东京
The strategic bombing force had worked very successfully against Tokyo
已经获得很大的成功 已不再需要战斗机的掩护
by flying at night, and it didn't really need, in that sense, uh, fighter cover.
在新闻界中 硫磺岛作为战斗机基地的必要性
In the press, Iwo Jima's necessity as a fighter base
被选择性遗忘了
is conveniently forgotten.
重点转变成了 对于受损 和燃料不足的B-29轰炸机来说
The emphasis switches to its value as a safe haven
其作为安全避风港的价值
for damaged and fuel-short B-29 bombers.
在战争结束前 硫磺岛上共进行2000多次降落
Over 2,000 landings are gonna be made on Iwo Jima before the end of the war.
陆军航♥空♥军争辩 硫磺岛拯救的B-29飞行员数量
The Army Air Force argued that Iwo Jima saved more B-29 pilots
比陆战队牺牲的更多
than Marines were lost.
被硫磺岛拯救的生命
There's no way that the lives lost on Iwo Jima
不可能比为其牺牲的生命更多
were outweighed by the lives saved.
无论你是否争论过 硫磺岛是否需要被夺取
Whether you could ever argue that Iwo Jima needed to be captured,
我认为这是不容争辩的
I don't think you could.
但夺岛战役依然在继续
But the battle for the island rages on.
这场战役中最令人沮丧的部分是
The single most depressing part of the battle was this,
因为日军工事 都建在地下或是山洞里这样的地方
because the Japanese positions were all underground, in caves or whatever here,
陆战队可以看到自己的伤亡 自己的死伤
Marines could see their casualties, their dead, their wounded,
但却很少能看见死亡的日军
but they very seldom saw the dead Japanese,
特别是大量的死亡日军 正如他们中很多人之后所说的
particularly lots of dead Japanese. And as many of them put it later,
感觉就像他们不仅在跟日军战斗
it was like they were not just fighting the Japanese,