与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S02E06

Part 5 April 19, 2021, 2:36 p.m.

宇宙间的所有的原料
into all the material in the Universe --
构成万物的固体液体气体
the solids, liquids, and gases that everything is made of.
要破解奠定我们宇宙的宇宙密♥码♥
To crack the cosmic code that underlies our Universe,
我们就必须了解各种形式的能量
we have to understand energy in all its forms.
但如果95%的宇宙
But what if almost 95% of the Universe
其构成的能量形式是我们看不见
is made of a form of energy we can't see
不清楚的咋办呢？
and don't understand?
此类问题
These are the kinds of questions
在瑞士的日内瓦每天都得面对
confronted daily in Geneva, Switzerland,
那里有世界上最大的粒子加速器
the home of the world's largest particle accelerator --
大型强子对撞机
the Large Hadron Collider --
以及数百名物理学家
and also hundreds of physicists.
克莱尔·伯雷奇是其中的一员但她绝不是典范
Clare Burrage is one of them, but she's hardly typical.
年轻女性一位训练有素的花样滑冰运动员
Young, female, and an accomplished figure skater,
克莱尔正试图解决
Clare is trying to solve the vast mystery
失踪宇宙的重大秘密
of the missing Universe.
我们不妨想想太阳
So, if we think about the Sun,
太阳发出的光把能量送到我们地球上
the light from the Sun carries energy to us here on Earth,
我们能够在阳光明媚的日子里通过我们的皮肤
and we can feel the warmth of the Sun on our skin
感受到太阳的温暖
on a nice day.
不过爱因斯坦告诉我们其实
But Einstein tells us that what's happening is
能量与质量是一回事
that energy and mass are the same thing.
因此在太阳中心
So, in the center of the Sun,
质量正在转化为能量
mass is being turned into energy,
那就是通过阳光传送给
and that's what's transmitted by the light
我们地球的东西
here to us on Earth.
所以说太阳送来的能量
So, the energy from the Sun
我们已经了如指掌了
we know and we understand very well,
但似乎还有另一种能量
but it seems like there's another form of energy
来自宇宙叫做暗能量
out there in the Universe called dark energy
我们一点都不了解
that we don't understand at all.
公认的物理定律规定
Accepted laws of physics dictate
大爆♥炸♥后的宇宙膨胀
that the expansion of the Universe after the Big Bang
应该逐渐慢下来
should be slowing down.
但是最近的天文观察发现
But recent astronomical observations have revealed
膨胀正在急剧加速
that the expansion is rapidly speeding up.
某种不明的能量正在把星系推开
Some unexplained form of energy is pushing galaxies apart.
此时
So, at the moment,
我在往前移♥动♥尽管我没有任何动作
I'm moving forward even though I'm not doing anything
那是因为重力
because of the force of gravity.
但如果我是在太空里
But if I were in space,
那里没有任何力量作用于我
where there are no forces acting on me,
我根本就不该移♥动♥的
I shouldn't be moving at all.
如果我向前移♥动♥
If I'm moving forwards,
那就必定有什么很奇怪地作用于我
then there has to be something very strange acting on me,
这就是我们所谓的暗能量
and this is what we call dark energy.
宇宙中有多少是暗能量呢？
How much of the Universe is dark energy?
这么说吧
Put it this way.
这是宇宙
Here's the Universe.
这一片4.6%我们能看见的左右的物质
This sliver, 4.6%, is all the matter we can see.
几乎无质量的粒子叫做中微子
Near-massless particles called neutrinos
占了另外的0.4%
take up another 0.4%.
我们认为那个叫做暗物质的东西
We think that something called dark matter
占了另外的23%
accounts for another 23%.
暗能量则是余下的72%的
Dark energy is the remaining 72%
宇宙的质量和能量
of the mass and energy of the Universe.
我们对它看不见摸不着闻不到甚至测不到
We cannot see it, touch it, taste it, or detect it,
但宇宙学家肯定它存在
but cosmologists are certain it is there.
没有暗能量
Without dark energy,
引力将造成宇宙自身的崩塌
gravity would cause the Universe to collapse in on itself.
克莱尔觉得暗能量是物理学里
Clare suspects that dark energy is a by-product
一个新的基本粒子的副产品
of a radical new piece of physics,
一个隐藏的粒子叫做变色龙
an undiscovered particle called the chameleon.
这些神秘的粒子
These mysterious particles
实际上所具有的基本力完全不同于
actually carry an entirely different basic force
物理学家所知晓的四种力
than the four that physicists know about,
是第五种基本力
a fifth fundamental force.
在我们所了解的物理学里
In physics as we understand it,
存在有四种力
there are four forces.
它们是引力它将我们控制在地球上
So, they are gravity, which holds us here on Earth.
有原子之间的电作用力
There are the electric interactions between atoms
以及强力与弱力
and the strong and weak forces
其控制原子里面的情况
that control what happens in atoms.
所以若是有新的东西
And so if there is something new,
新的粒子如变色龙
a new particle like the chameleon,
暗能量
like dark energy,
那将会向我们显示仿佛有第五种力存在
it's going to look to us like there's a fifth force out there.
此种力的载体叫做变色龙
This force carrier is called a chameleon
因为它能够改头换面
because it can change its appearance.
它变重时
When it is heavy,
就变得迟钝无能为力
it becomes sluggish and ineffective.
它变轻时
When it is light,
就会行动敏捷强大无比
it can zip around much faster and become stronger.
其重量取决于其所处的环境
How heavy it is depends on its environment --
有多少东西在其周围
how much stuff is around it.
在地球上到处都有很多东西
So, here on Earth, there's a lot of stuff around,
大量物质
a lot of matter,
变色龙就变得很重很臃肿
and the chameleon becomes very heavy, very massive.
它就不会与其周围如此多的东西发生作用
It doesn't interact with the things around it very much,
这就是为何我们在日常生活中和地球上实验中
and that's why we don't see it in our everyday lives
见不到它的原因所在
and in experiments here on Earth.
然而在星际中那里几乎没啥东西
But in intergalactic space, where there's almost nothing,
变色龙就变得很轻很轻
the chameleon becomes very, very light,
它就能与远距离的东西发生作用了
and it can interact with things over huge distances.
那就是为什么它能够驱使
And that's why it can drive the acceleration
宇宙膨胀加速的原因所在
of the expansion of the Universe.
此种变形性质
This shape-shifting property
解释了为何变色龙迄今未在我们的
explains why the chameleon has yet to be spotted
粒子加速器被发现的原因
in our particle accelerators.
它应该无处不在的
It should be everywhere --
在你我体内直至宇宙之中
inside you and me and far out in the cosmos.
然而我们是如何找到伪装大♥师♥的呢？
But how do we detect a master of disguise?
变色龙在试验中的露面
The chameleon shows up in experiments
是在极小和极大的尺度上
on really tiny scales and on really huge scales.
因此你能看到它
So you can look for it
就是看在极小尺度上
in the ways that particles behave in colliders
粒子在对撞机里的举动
on really tiny scales.
并且
But also,
它会影响光传播的路径
it affects the way that light travels,
所以我们就能够在极大地尺度上去观察
and so we can look on very large scales
恒星发出的光如何向我们传来
at how light from stars comes to us
我们就能够看到
and whether we can see
变色龙的影响了
the effects of the chameleon there.
我们缓慢而坚定地不断了解的
Our slow and steady understanding
电磁力与核力
of electromagnetism and the nuclear forces
已经改变了我们的生活
has transformed our lives,
从电力到电♥信♥
from electricity to telecommunications,
从运输到战争
transportation to warfare.
暗能量能给我们带来什么好处呢？
What benefits could dark energy bring us?
现在还很难说
It's very hard to say now
更好地了解暗能量将会如何
how a better understanding of dark energy
让人们生活得更好
is going to make people's lives better.
不过以往了解事物越深入
But in the past, understanding things better
都一直给人类带来收益
has always led to benefits for mankind.
因此在某些方面了解暗能量
So, in some ways, understanding dark energy,
对于了解宇宙要比了解我们地球上物理学
for understanding the Universe, it's more important
来得更加重要
than understanding the physics that we know here on Earth.
我们所了解的粒子
The particles that we understand
构成了我们所知的宇宙的1%
make up about a percent of the Universe as we know it.
暗能量是远为重要的成分
Dark energy is a massively more important contribution.