与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S02E01

Part 4 April 19, 2021, 2:34 p.m.

spreads out to cover about a third of the cortex
持续了约三分之一秒钟
and lasts for almost 1/3 of a second.
有意识的大脑反射就像是个振铃
The conscious brain reverberates like a ringing bell.
有人肯定回家了
Someone is definitely home.
然而在其无意识时又当如何呢？
But what happens when he's unconscious?
现在布雷迪睡着了
Now that Brady is asleep,
我们要来再次振铃
we are going to ring the bell again
来看看他大脑的回应——此时熟睡状态下
and see how his brain responds when -- after falling asleep.
再一次大脑被点亮了
Once again, the brain lights up.
但这一次并没有反响
But this time, there is no reverberation.
振铃停摆
The ring of the bell dies
就在磁脉冲关闭的那一瞬间
as quickly as the pulse of magnetism shuts off.
沉睡的大脑可能在活动
The sleeping brain may be active,
但它已经失去了一部分大脑与另一部分之间
but it has lost the ability to share information
分享信息的活力
between one part of the brain and another.
托诺尼认为这种信息的传播
Tononi believes this spreading of information
是意识的关键因素
is the key ingredient of consciousness.
清醒的大脑保持专门的区域
The waking brain keeps specialized areas
给持续的对话
in constant conversation,
就像内阁会议那样
like a Cabinet meeting
有国务卿财政部国防部
with the Secretary of State, Treasury, and Defense
在一起决定一个统一的行动计划
all deciding on a unified plan of action.
大脑睡眠时会议休会
When the brain is asleep, the meeting adjourns.
专家不在，没有作出任何决定
The specialists leave, and nothing gets decided.
为什么你入夜熟睡后
Why do you lose consciousness
会失去意识呢？
when you are in deep sleep early in the night?
通常在你清醒时相互交流的专家
The specialists that normally do talk to each other
现在不这么干了
when you are awake -- they stop doing so.
你入睡后会出现某种机制
There is some mechanism that comes into place when you sleep
让专家之间的
that makes the interaction
互动发生困难
between the specialists difficult.
结果
And, in the end,
看上去就好像他们再也无法相互交流了
it looks like they can't talk to each other anymore,
毫不奇怪，所以，你就失去了意识
and not surprisingly, then, you lose consciousness.
你已不在了
You're not there anymore.
托诺尼分辨有意识大脑与无意识大脑
Tononi's ability to tell the difference
之间差异的能力
between a brain that's conscious and one that's not
很快就有可能在医学临床上派上用场
may soon find application in a medical setting,
评估昏迷患者的意识水平
assessing the level of awareness of coma patients.
你首先会关心到的是
One of the first things you would want to know is,
家里有人么？
is anybody home?
如果某人是你的老婆或儿子或老妈
If that somebody is your wife or your son or your mother
你看到眼睛张开
and you see the eyes are open
你并不知道是否有人在那里
and you don't know whether somebody's there,
甚至很痛苦那你又会如何呢？
maybe even suffering, how do you go about that?
朱利奥·托诺尼找到了方法
Giulio Tononi has found a way
来观察人的大脑里的意识
to see consciousness in the human brain,
但它究竟又是如何呈现在复杂的神经元网络之中的呢
but exactly how it arises amid the complex web of neurons --
那仍是个谜他也只能进行猜测
that remains a mystery at which he can only begin to guess.
若有人称意识
When one says that consciousness
需要有一个复杂的系统来支撑它
requires a complex system to support it,
某种意义上那必定是真的
in some sense, that must be true.
然而互联网肯定是非常复杂的
But the Internet is certainly very complex.
另一个例子你也可以说
Another example, you could also say
下棋程序是很复杂的
that a chess-playing program is very complex.
因此有许多东西人们直观地称之为复杂
So there are many things that people intuitively call complex,
但其中只有少数
but only a few of them
似乎能够产生意识
seem to be able to give rise to consciousness.
因此你所需要的是正确的复杂形态
So what you need is the right kind of complexity,
只有少数结构——如我所知
and only a few structures -- as far as I can tell --
能够做到那一点能够表现出那样非凡的技能
can do that, can pull out that extraordinary feat.
我们的皮层大脑皮层
Our cortex, the cerebral cortex,
似乎近乎完美的联♥系♥在一起
seems to be wired up almost ideally
就是为了实现那个技能的
to achieve exactly that.
然而有办法揭开意识的老底么？
But is there a way to discover the root of consciousness?
自我意识感与灵魂是一回事么？
And is this sense of self-awareness
自我意识感与灵魂是一回事么？
the same as the soul?
这个人认为他发现了人的灵魂
This man thinks he's found the human soul
知道我们死的时候它发生了什么
and knows what happens to it when we die.
灵魂是什么？
What is the soul?
它是能量场么？
Is it a field of energy?
它是实实在在的东西么？
Is it something tangible?
它有重量么？
Does it have weight?
1907年，邓肯·麦克杜格尔博士测出
In 1907, Dr. Duncan MacDougall determined
灵魂重0.75盎司
that the soul weighs about 3/4 of an ounce,
即21克
or 21 grams.
他是通过称重死于结核病的患者的尸体测出的
He determined this by weighing the bodies of dying TB patients.
但是从那时起的100年里
But in the 100 years since then,
没有人能够重复他的发现
no one has been able to replicate his findings
因为似乎并没有什么称出来
because there doesn't seem to be anything to weigh.
会有某些难以捉摸的物质使你成为你的么？
Could there be some elusive substance that makes you you?
在存在的最小层面上
At the smallest levels of existence,
所有的物质都是原子构成的
all matter is made of atoms.
地球回收原子已有几十亿年了
Earth has been recycling atoms for billions of years.
碳从树木移至海洋
Carbon moves from trees to oceans
移至我们身体的细胞
to the cells in our bodies.
甚至死人的原子也得到了回收利用
Even the atoms of dead people get reused.
这意味着你股骨里的原子
This means that an atom in your thigh bone
有可能曾经属于克利欧佩特拉（埃及艳后）的下嘴唇
might have been part of Cleopatra's lower lip.
这种回收并不只发生在原子层面上
And this recycling doesn't just happen at the atomic level.
你在细胞层面上不停地自我重建
You are constantly rebuilding yourself at the cellular level.
你的身体每小时会产生10个新细胞
Your body produces 1 billion new cells every hour.
无论你多大年纪
No matter how old you are,
你的大部分都不会超过10岁
most of you is no more than 10 years old.
克里斯托夫·科赫是加州理工学院的
Christof Koch is a Professor of biology and engineering
生物和工程学教授
at Caltech.
他认为使你成为你的
He believes that what makes you you
完全不在于那些个原子和细胞
has nothing to do with individual atoms or cells.
他认为你的出现之道是独一无二的
He believes that "you" emerges from the unique way
你头脑里的细胞是有组织的
the cells in your brain are organized.
大脑是我们所知的宇宙间最复杂的东西
The brain is the most complex piece of matter
大脑是我们所知的宇宙间最复杂的东西
we know in the Universe.
人的大脑通常属于千亿神经细胞级别上的
The human brain typically is on the order
人的大脑通常属于千亿神经细胞级别上的
of 100 billion nerve cells.
其每一个本身就是复杂的个体
Each of those is a very complicated entity by itself.
它宛如小电脑
It's more like a little computer,
交互上1万至10万个其它神经细胞
interconnected to 10,000 to 100,000 other nerve cells.
分开来这些神经元都是没有意识的
Separately, these neurons aren't conscious.
但一旦它们彼此大规模交互
But when they interact with each other on a massive scale,
结果就是自我意识的网络
the result is a self-aware network.
我们认为意识出自
We believe that consciousness emerges
数百万乃至几十亿神经元的触发
out of the firing of millions or possibly billions of neurons.
那我的灵魂究竟为何物啊？
So that's what my soul is.
那是我所感受的东西我的主观感受
That's what my feelings, my subjective feelings
痛苦啊快乐啊向往啊
of pain and pleasure and of yearning are.
但要是正如科赫所认为的
But if, as Koch believes,
我们的脑干若完全就是这个脆弱
who we are stems exclusively from this fragile
千变万化的脑细胞网络构成的话
and ever-changing network of brain cells,
那么就不会有永恒的你
then there can be no eternal you.
我们不断地变化
We constantly change.
对于每一个经历我们都有所变化
With each experience, we change a little bit.
对于某些经历我们变化较多
With some experiences, we change more,
而对于其他经历我们则变化较少
and with other experiences, we change less.
所以从那个意义上并无定数
So, that sense, there's no constant.
随着我们年龄增长的有，我的思想，我的身体
And as we age, again, my mind -- my body,
同时还有我的个性，我思想的变化
but also my personality and my mind changes.
所以，从那个意义上说，并没有永恒不变的个性
So, that sense, there's no constant personality.
这是大脑结构的不断变化也是大脑推动的不断变化
It's a changing construct of the brain and by the brain.
这种大脑观称之为唯物主义
This view of the brain is called materialism,
科赫是其倡导者
and Koch is its champion.
对于唯物主义者来说