与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S02E10

Part 3 April 19, 2021, 2:38 p.m.

但是它应该也适用于
But the idea that it should also apply to large things,
我们日常生活中面对的大的物体
things that we deal with in our everyday life,
这样的想法很难被接受
is much harder to accept.
只能证明这个刻蚀面遵循量子力学
But proving that his panel can behave quantum mechanically
这意味着要保证没有东西测量这个面
means making sure nothing measures it.
它需要被完全隔离以及极冷的条件
It needs to be in complete isolation and very cold.
哦，这台仪器是一种稀释致冷机
So, this instrument is a dilution refrigerator.
如果你有50万美元
If you have half a million dollars lying around,
也可以在自己家拥有一台
you, too, could own one in your own home.
此仪器有一系列的温度范围
The instrument has a series of temperature stages
从1开尔文到0.6开尔文再到0.1开尔文
that go from 1 Kelvin to .6 Kelvin to .1 Kelvin
换句话说，所有的方式都到20毫开尔文
all the way to 20 Millikelvin, or in other words,
大约零下459华氏度
about -459 degrees Fahrenheit.
这就是我们做这些量子实验的地方
This is where we operate these quantum experiments.
在稀释致冷机内
Inside the dilution refrigerator,
安德鲁把一个单一的能量子对准靶
Andrew directs a single quantum of energy at the paddle.
应该有一半对一半的机会
It should have a 50-50 chance
要么收到能量要么失去能量
of either receiving the energy or missing it.
然而，使他惊讶的是
Instead, to his amazement,
这个刻划面在同一时刻
the panel both receives the energy and misses it
既收到能量又失去能量
at the same time
并且开始在这两个现实之间周期性振荡
and begins to oscillate between these two realities.
这个刻划面可能处于既无能量的状态
The panel can be both in a state where it has no energy
又有能量的状态
and where it has one of these units of energy in it.
实际上在这种状态下
And in that state, actually,
同一时刻处于两种状态
when it's in both at the same time,
你实际上确实得到一个每秒六十亿次的振荡
you actually do get a vibration at 6 billion times a second.
安德鲁的突破性的实验
Andrew's groundbreaking experiment
证明了奇怪的量子力学规律
proves that the strange laws of quantum mechanics
支配我们宇宙的万事万物
govern everything in our Universe,
从极小的粒子
from tiny particles...
到巨大的星系
to gargantuan galaxies.
不论尺寸，任何物体可以同时存在于很多地方
No matter the size, any object can be in many places at once.
我认为物理学界的人们
I thought people within the physics community
注意到这一点并且给它一些欢呼，因为它确实如此
would notice it and would give it some applause, as it were,
但是我真地不认为它会打乱
but I really didn't expect that it would break
我过去常常面对的学界之外
outside of the small community that I'm used to dealing with.
那是十分令人惊奇的
So that was quite a surprise.
有许多不同的解释
There's a number of different interpretations
被提出来说明这一现象
that have been generated to try to explain this.
其中一个就是多重世界
One of them is the many-worlds interpretation,
或平行宇宙的解释
or parallel universes.
但最终，那些是不可预测的
But in the end, those are not predictive.
并且因为是不可预测的，所以是不能用实验验证的
And because it's not predictive, it's not something we can test.
所以这让人们自♥由♥选择
So that leaves it open for people to choose
他们喜欢的无论哪种解释
whichever interpretation they prefer.
如果有量子平行宇宙
If there are quantum parallel universes,
安德鲁的实验可能是迈向
Andrew's experiment could be the first step
解开秘密的第一步
toward unlocking their secrets.
但是有别的类型的平行世界
But there's another type of parallel world
几乎所有的科学家相信应该存在
that nearly all scientists are convinced should exist.
它由反物质组成
It's made of antimatter,
并且如果我们遇到它
and if we ever meet it,
结果将是完全彻底地毁灭
the results would be complete and utter destruction.
在宇宙中潜藏有邪恶的力量
There's something evil lurking out in the cosmos.
叫做反物质
It's called antimatter.
如果一小滴反物质滴到正常物质上
If one tiny drop of it met a drop of normal matter,
它会爆发出比广岛原♥子♥弹♥还强大的力量
it would explode with more force than the bomb at Hiroshima.
令人恐惧的现实
The frightening reality
是宇宙大爆♥炸♥应该产的反物质和物质
is that the Big Bang should have created antimatter and matter
应该是等量的
in equal amounts.
换句话说，在别处
In other words, out there,
应该有一个反物质孪生宇宙——相对于我们的宇宙
there should be an antimatter twin to our Universe
具有毁灭所有物体的力量
with the power to annihilate all creation.
只是有一个问题
There's just one problem.
这个致命的反物质宇宙下落不明
This deadly antimatter universe has gone missing.
乔安妮·休伊特是一位理论物理学家
Joanne Hewett is a theoretical physicist
工作于加利福尼亚的斯坦福直线性加速器中心
at the Stanford Linear Accelerator in California.
她是位侦测专家
She's a detective
跟踪下落不明的平行宇宙
on the trail of this missing parallel universe.
它到哪去了呢？
Where did it go?
那就是说，当今科学的一大秘密
That's one of the big mysteries of science today,
是反物质去了哪里？
is where did the antimatter go?
每个粒子都有它自己的反粒子
Every particle has its own antiparticle associated with it.
反粒子和它的同源粒子有着同样的质量
It has the same mass as its parent particle,
但它具有全然相反的特性
but it has all the opposite properties.
像电子有一个与之关联的电荷一样
Like an electron has an electric charge associated with it,
因此一个被称作正电子的反电子
so an antielectron, which is called a positron,
有相反的电荷与之关联
has the opposite electric charge associated with it.
当反物质和物质撞到一起时
When antimatter and matter collide,
总的来说会得到一个能量大爆♥炸♥
basically you get a big burst of energy,
就像“嘣”的一声
just like "Boom."
如果“大爆♥炸♥”创造的反物质和物质一样多
If the Big Bang created as much antimatter as matter,
那么，应该发了两件事情中的一件
then one of two things should have happened to it.
任何反物质和物质的粒子
Any particles of antimatter and matter
相互碰撞
that bump into one another
应该完全湮灭
should have been completely annihilated.
但一些反物质和物质可能仍然没有碰到过
But some antimatter and matter may not yet have met,
因此一次剧烈的碰撞可能正朝我们走来
and an explosive reunion could be coming our way.
乔安妮以找出其真♥相♥作为她的职业
Joanne has made it her business to find out.
她掌管着斯坦福的
She harnessed the power of Stanford's
两英里长的粒子加速器的动力
2-mile long particle accelerator
以此重新创造缩小版的“宇宙大爆♥炸♥”
to re-create miniature versions of the Big Bang.
我们创造了两个粒子束
We created two beams of particles,
并且用恰好足够的能量使它们碰撞
and we collided them with just enough energy
借此产生一对叫做B介子的粒子
to create a pair of particles called B mesons.
在她的实验中，叫做“B”因子
Inside their experiment, called the "B" factoring,
乔安妮及一个科学团队
Joanne and a team of scientists
跟踪B介子和被称为
track the swarm of B mesons and their antimatter twins,
反B介子的反物质群
known as Anti-Bs.
寻找任何细微的差异
They looked for any subtle differences
在这些据推测等价相反的粒子之中
between these supposedly equal and opposite particles.
如果你想研究B介子和反B介子
If you want to study the B meson versus the Anti-B meson,
你就必须能看见不同
you have to be able to see the difference in the time
在两者消失的时刻
between which the two of them decay.
但它们存在一万亿分之一秒
But they live for a trillionth of a second.
这使得它们很难被研究
It makes them very difficult to study.
在精密仪器的帮助下
With the help of sophisticated instruments,
乔安妮和她的团队发现了一个极小的不同
Joanne and her team discovered a tiny difference
在B介子和反B介子之间
between the B and the Anti-B.
一种会比另一种消失得仅仅快一点儿
One will decay just a little bit faster
或者说两者消失的时刻不同
or a little bit differently than the other one.
并且正是反B介子衰减得快一点儿
And it's the Anti-B meson that decays just a little bit faster.
物质和反物质之间的这个极小的不平衡
This tiny imbalance between matter and antimatter
可能产生一个大差异
could make a big difference
对宇宙大爆♥炸♥之后发生的情况
to what happened after the Big Bang.
实际上，这可以产生一个全然不同的宇宙
In fact, it could make a whole universe of difference.
想想物质和反物质
Think of matter and antimatter
被放在国际跳棋游戏中
locked in a game of checkers...
直到死亡
...to the death.
双方以相等的数量开始
Both sides start with equal numbers.
随着时间流逝
As time goes on,
大部分的跳棋子和反跳棋子
most of the checkers and anti-checkers
互相歼灭
annihilate one another.
但最终，一方有一点儿优势
But in the end, one side has a slight edge
并宣告获胜
and claims victory.
来自整个组的这一颗跳棋子
This one single checker out of that entire group
是由宇宙大爆♥炸♥创造的，是今天存在着的一切
that was created from the Big Bang is all that exists today,
并且是宇宙的全部物质含量
and it is the entire matter content of the Universe.
今天我们在宇宙中看见的物质仅仅是
The matter we see in the Universe today