与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S02E01

Part 3 April 19, 2021, 2:34 p.m.

So, just like these two neurons may be entangled,
有可能意识信息
it's possible that the information of consciousness,
整个大脑里的纠缠在一起
of the whole brain, is entangled
并能够逍遥存在于宇宙间
and can exist in the universe at large.
按哈梅罗夫的说法
According to Hameroff,
构建我们灵魂的是
our souls are built from something
远比神经元更为根本的东西
much more fundamental than neurons.
它们产生于宇宙最为基本的结构
They are constructed from the very fabric of the Universe.
我认为意识或其直接前体
I think that consciousness or its immediate precursor --
我们会称其为原意识
we'll call it proto-consciousness,
就一直存在于宇宙间
has been in the Universe all along,
或许从大爆♥炸♥就有了
perhaps from the Big Bang.
所有这一切使人想起佛教和印度教的信仰
All of this recalls the Buddhist and Hindu belief
意识是宇宙不可分割的一部分
that consciousness is an integral part of the Universe,
或许充斥了整个宇宙
and perhaps it is all there is in the Universe.
如果意识是个量子过程
If consciousness is a quantum process,
那它就可能解开一个谜团
it may solve the mystery of what happens
濒死经历期间到底发生了什么
during near-death experiences.
比方说，心脏停止跳动
Let's say the heart stops beating,
血液停止流动
the blood stops flowing,
微管失去了其量子状态
the microtubules lose their quantum state.
但是量子信息在微管里的
But the quantum information, which is in the microtubules,
没有被破坏
isn't destroyed.
它是无法破坏的
It can't be destroyed.
它只是消散到了
It just distributes and dissipates
无边的宇宙间
to the Universe at large.
如果病患复苏苏醒了
If the patient is resuscitated, revived,
这个量子信息就会回到微管里
this quantum information can go back into the microtubules,
于是病患就会说，我有了一次临死经历
and the patient says, "I had a near-death experience.
我看到了白光，看到了隧♥道♥
"I saw white light. I saw a tunnel.
我看到了死去的亲人
"I saw my dead relatives.
我甚至飘出了自己的肉体
I maybe even floated out of my body."
现在，要是他们没有苏醒，患者死了
Now, if they're not revived and the patient dies,
于是就有可能这个量子信息
then it's possible that this quantum information
就可以存在于体外，或许就成了不灭的灵魂
can exist outside the body, perhaps indefinitely as a soul.
许多科学家发现很难相信
Many scientists find it difficult to believe
灵魂是量子计算机
that the soul is a quantum computer,
被连线到宇宙
hard-wired into the cosmos.
但是哈梅罗夫觉得研究正慢慢验证他的说法
But Hameroff feels that research is slowly validating his claims.
量子效应最近已经展现出
Quantum effects have recently been shown
能控制若干重要的生物过程
to control several important biological processes,
从鸟类的导航到光合作用
from bird navigation to photosynthesis
到人类的嗅觉
to the human sense of smell.
迄今为止尚无人给该理论致命打击
So far, nobody has landed a serious blow to the theory.
我们依然行得通，证据不断
We're still very viable, and evidence continues --
新的证据继续支持我们
new evidence continues to support the ideas
在15年前所提出的想法
that we put forth 15 years ago.
但是实情是
But the truth is
我们仍然不知道意识来自何处
we still don't know where consciousness comes from
我们死后它又去了何方
or where it goes when we die.
若是有办法去度量意识
If there was a way to measure consciousness,
没准我们将能找到这些问题的答案
perhaps we could find the answers to these questions.
那个办法或许不久就将推出
That way may be coming soon,
有一位科学家在深入探索我们的思想
as one scientist explores the depths of our minds,
希望探索确认我们身份的
hoping to discover the mysterious mental pattern
神秘的心智模式
that makes us who we are.
人的大脑并不很大
The human brain isn't very big --
3磅软组织
3 pounds of soft tissue.
不过它所产生的思想能够改造世界
But it can generate ideas that transform the world.
它能够保持多种多样的个性
It can hold personalities as diverse
诸如马丁·路德·金和成吉思汗
as Martin Luther King and Genghis Khan.
它甚至都知道那是什么
It even knows what it is.
那就是自我意识
It's self-aware.
我们认为它有灵魂
We think it has a soul.
但那个灵魂是从何而来的呢？
But where does that soul come from?
意识是大脑的产物么？
Is consciousness a product of the brain?
它能活得过大脑么？
And can it outlive the brain?
研究人死的时候，人的大脑所发生的情况
Studying what happens to the human brain when people die
谈何容易
is not easy.
死亡难得见到有发信♥号♥♥的
Death rarely comes on cue.
但是死亡一方面又是每天面对我们各位
But one aspect of death comes to all of us every day.
每晚我们熟睡时我们的意识悄然溜走了
Each night when we fall asleep, our consciousness slips away.
威斯康辛大学的朱利奥·托诺尼教授
Professor Giulio Tononi of the University of Wisconsin
正在研究我们的大脑
is studying how our brains change
在失去意识时的变化
when they lose consciousness,
其目的
and in doing so,
他希望揭秘究竟是什么使我们成为我们的
he's hoping to unravel the secret of what makes us us.
意识最简单明确不过了
The simplest definition of consciousness --
就是在你熟睡无梦时它就不见了
that which goes away when you fall into dreamless sleep.
然而事实上
But the fact of the matter is,
大脑根本没有停摆
the brain doesn't shut off at all.
神经元神经细胞其实活跃就如
The neurons, the nerve cells, are actually just as active,
一定程度上如他们清醒时
in a sense, as they are when you are awake.
所以这是个有趣的科学问题
So, it is an interesting scientific question.
那么在你不复存在时又会是怎样呢
How would it be, then, that you disappear
而此时大脑依然还在忙碌个不停？
when your brain is still there and buzzing along?
托诺尼认为我们得认知水平
Tononi believes our level of awareness
取决于我们的大脑各部分
is determined by how much information
分享的信息量
the different parts of our brain share with each other.
一个丰富详尽的经验
An experience rich in detail
将会在大脑里产生非常复杂的模式
will generate highly complex patterns in the brain,
所产生的独特形态托诺尼认为是可测到
creating unique shapes that Tononi believes can be measured.
每次经历基本上都好像是一个与众不同的形态
Every experience is essentially like an extraordinary shape.
就像火堆有着美丽火焰
Just like a fire with wonderful flames
其与众不同的形态每时每刻都在变幻着
is an extraordinary shape that changes all the time.
现在给予其形态定性的东西
Now, it's a shape which is characterized
我将其称之为信息关系
by something I would call informational relationships.
不过其形态是内部的光照射出来的
But it's a shape that shines of inner light.
意识之火是非常特殊的火焰
The fire of consciousness is a very special fire
它产生于大脑内部
that's generated inside the brain,
它需要一套非常特殊的成分
and it requires a very special set of ingredients
才能够燃烧并发出光芒
in order to be able to burn and shine.
然而要了解那火焰何时点亮
But understanding when that fire is lit
何时熄灭
and when it is extinguished
远比只是简单地读取大脑扫描来得困难
is far more difficult than simply reading a brain scan.
所以朱利奥·托诺尼构建了整个实验室
So Giulio Tononi built an entire lab
奉献给了无梦睡眠的无意识阴曹地府
dedicated to the unconscious netherworld of dreamless sleep.
他设计了一个实验来检测
And he designed an experiment to detect how the brain changes
我们失去意识后的大脑变化
when we lose consciousness.
神经学这门知识相当于
It's the neurological equivalent
叩开黑暗大宅的大门
of knocking at the door of a darkened house
来找出屋内是否有人
to find out whether anyone is home.
我们利用的东西叫做
We use something called
经颅磁刺♥激♥
transcranium magnetic stimulation,
这是个方法将小电流注入大脑
which is a way to inject a little current in the brain
无需将其打开
without having to open it up,
这样通过一个安全无害的方法
so in a perfectly innocuous way,
来看看我们的大脑皮层对其的反应
and then see how our cerebral cortex reacts to it.
首先研究小组在清醒状态下的
First, the team runs the experiment
志愿者开展实验
on a volunteer who's awake.
网状电极将会跟踪其
A mesh of electrodes will keep track
大脑的所有活动
of all activity in his brain.
现在一个小磁线圈放置在他的头上
Now a small magnetic coil is placed on his head.
启动开关它会把持续十分之一秒钟的磁脉冲
At the flip of a switch, it delivers a pulse of magnetism
发送至他的大脑皮层
lasting a tenth of a second to his cerebral cortex.
打击会引起小部分大脑的神经元
The burst causes neurons in a small patch of the brain
触发
to fire,
于是它们发出信♥号♥♥给其它神经元
and they, in turn, send signals to other neurons,
同样引起它们的触发
making them fire, as well.
这种复杂的神经活动的模式
This complex pattern of neural activity
向外扩展覆盖了约三分之一的大脑皮层