与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S02E07

Part 4 April 19, 2021, 2:37 p.m.

是马里兰大学的量子物理学家
are quantum physicists at the University of Maryland.
他们是隐形传送的开拓者
They are pioneers of teleportation.
他们的工作就是要在两个不同地点
Their work is all about making connections
所发生的事件之间建立联♥系♥
between events taking place in two separate locations --
这些事件通常没有任何联♥系♥
events which normally have no connection whatsoever.
我们要用硬币来演示一个简单的实验
We're gonna demonstrate a simple experiment using standard coins
来看看单枚硬币的随机性
just to show the randomness of the individual coins
以及两枚硬币之间的随机性
and the randomness between the two coins.
好嘞
All right.
抛
Flip.
- 正面 - 背面
- Heads. - Tails.
- 背面 - 背面
- Tails. - Tails.
你可以看到用两枚硬币
So, as you can see, with two regular coins,
我们就能够得到彼此之间的整个随机结果
we get completely random results between each other.
如果克里斯和史蒂夫
If Chris and Steve
能够让两枚硬币以同样的方式抛下
could make the two coins always land the same way,
那么他们就将成功地
then they would have succeeded
把硬币上的信息——正面或背面
in teleporting the information on the coin -- heads or tails --
从一地传送到另一地
from one place to the other.
他们有一个想法就是如何去做到这一点
And they had an idea of just how to do this.
他们会用到量子纠缠
They would use quantum entanglement,
一个能够在微观物体之间
a strange effect that can create a link
建立起联♥系♥的奇怪结果
between microscopic objects.
炸♥弹♥爆♥炸♥时
When a bomb explodes
两块弹片飞出
and two pieces of shrapnel come flying out,
每一块都是独自行动不受别人的影响
each one moves independently and is unaffected by the other.
现在来想象一下亚原子世界里的炸♥弹♥
Now imagine a bomb in a subatomic world.
两颗粒子弹片飞出
Two particles of shrapnel fly out,
然而此时量子纠缠
but this time, quantum entanglement
意味着一片运动的方式
means the way one moves
完全依赖于别人
is entirely dependent on the other.
如果一片是顺时针旋转
If one piece is spinning clockwise,
你可以推断另一片的动作
you can deduce that the other piece
是逆时针的移♥动♥的
is moving counterclockwise.
如果史蒂夫和克里斯的硬币是纠缠的
If Steve and Chris' coins were entangled,
每当史蒂夫抛出正面克里斯则抛出背面
whenever Steve tosses heads, Chris will toss tails.
如果史蒂夫抛出背面克里斯则抛出正面
If Steve tosses tails, Chris will toss heads.
- 背面 - 正面
- Tails. - Heads.
因此即使抛出的硬币的一面完全是随机的
So, even though the coin flip on one side is completely random,
但两枚硬币之间存在着联♥系♥
there are correlations between the two coins,
这就是纠缠的标准特征
and this is the defining feature of entanglement.
物理学家一直致力利用纠缠
Physicists have been struggling to use entanglement
在两地之间传送物质已有20多个年头了
to teleport matter from place to place for more than two decades.
史蒂夫和克里斯是首个成功者
Steve and Chris are the first to succeed.
他们从一种叫做镱的元素的两个原子着手
They begin with two atoms of an element called ytterbium.
其实验是我们从两束的原子着手
The experiment is, we start with two trapped atoms
它们彼此隔着桌子
that are across the table from each other.
这些原子用磁场悬浮着
These atoms are sort of levitated with fields,
如磁悬浮列车那样
like a levitated train.
它们放置于真空室里没有东西碰及它们
They're in a vacuum chamber, so nothing touches them.
它们几乎完全
They're almost complete--
它们几乎就是你所能得到的完美的隔离
they're as close as you can get to perfect isolation.
史蒂夫和克里斯
Steve and Chris
利用微波辐射将所谓的量子位的量子信息
write quantum information called qubits
写入了第一个原子
into the first atom using microwave radiation.
量子位成了原子的正面或背面
The qubits become the atoms' heads or tails.
接下来我们用这束快速脉冲光束
Then, we excite both atoms
来激发这两个原子
with this fast pulse of light,
如果我们所做的是正确的话
and if we do it right,
我们就能确保光子
we can make sure that the photon
与原子的内部状态
is then entangled with the internal state
纠缠在一起
of the atom.
光子变成了使者
The photons become the messengers,
携带着原子的信息穿越了实验室
carrying the atoms' information across the lab.
克里斯和史蒂夫将每个原子发出的光子
Chris and Steve aim the photon
瞄准同一个目标
from each atom at the same target.
当它们相遇时就会纠缠在一起
When they meet, they become entangled,
从而将发出它们的两个原子纠缠了起来
which, in turn, entangles the two atoms they came from.
它们无论如何不会相互靠拢
They've been nowhere near each other,
它们永远都碰不到一起
they've never seen each other,
但现在这两个原子
but now these two atoms
它们彼此隔着桌子
which are across the table from each other
现在纠缠在了一起
are now entangled,
它们以某种方式分享着我们一开始
and they somehow share the information
写入第一个原子里的信息
that we first wrote into the first atom.
那就是所谓的量子隐形传送
That's called quantum teleportation,
因为信息在某种意义上
because the information, in a sense,
是决不会旅行的
never really made the trip.
决不存在任何物理作用
There was never really any physical interaction.
那全在于这种神奇的纠缠
It's all because of this magic of entanglement
让我们做到了这个
that allows us to do that.
我认为爱因斯坦用了最恰当的话来描述它
And I think Einstein had the best words to describe it.
他称纠缠为远距离的幽灵行动
He called entanglement "Spooky action at a distance."
史蒂夫和克里斯成功地
Steve and Chris have successfully transferred
将信息从一个原子传送到另一个原子
the information from one atom to the other.
也就是说他们传送了原子
In other words, they teleported the atom.
这是首次有人以光速
It's the first time anyone has ever beamed matter across space
隔空传送物质
at the speed of light.
他们已经在着手
And they're already working
更加雄心勃勃的隐形传送实验
on more ambitious teleportation experiments.
不过好消息是
But the good news is,
想法是用比单个原子复杂的东西来研究
this idea works with matter more complex than a single atom --
比方说几百个原子
say, a few hundred atoms.
几百个原子会取得进展的
A few hundred atoms would be progress,
但真正的问题在于
but the real question
我们是否能够完整地传送
is whether we will ever be able to teleport the state
整个人体的7千万亿万亿个原子
of all the 7,000 trillion trillion atoms
从一地到另外一地
in an entire person from one place to another
转换成一堆有机物体从而复♥制♥你我
to turn a pile of organic matter into a copy of you or me.
那是个苛刻的要求
It's a tall order.
我们这里有个樱桃馅饼
Well, we have a cherry pie,
馅饼有个特定的形态
and the pie is in a particular state.
所有的原子大多是碳和有机分子
All the atoms, mostly carbon and organic molecules,
做成了这个馅饼
make up this pie,
不过它们明显的状态
but they're obviously in a state
我们都承认其为樱桃馅饼
that we all recognize as a cherry pie.
样子很好看
Looks pretty good.
为了让克里斯
In order for Chris
隐形传送樱桃馅饼里的原子
to teleport the atoms inside the cherry pie,
他需要采集其中每一个原子的信息
he needs to gather information about every single one of them,
这有点混乱
which gets a little messy.
这里所有的原子都代表着樱桃馅饼
All the atoms in here are representative of a cherry pie,
但肯定看上去不像是樱桃馅饼
but it certainly doesn't look like a cherry pie,
其原因就在于原子的
and the reason is the atoms aren't arranged
排列方法不对
in the right way.
这个烤盘里约有10的27次方个原子
They are about 10 to the 27 atoms in this tin.
那可是万亿万亿万亿个原子啊
That's a billion billion billion atoms.
要顾及的可能性的量
Consider the number of possibilities
那是万亿万亿万亿个原子的排列
that a billion billion billion atoms can be arranged.
那个数字简直不可理喻
It's a number that's so ungodly huge
我们在宇宙间甚至都没有足够的空间
we don't have enough space in the Universe
将其写下来
even to write it down.
隐形传送人类
Teleporting a human being
远超出我们现在的…能力
is far beyond our capabilities...for now.
但史蒂夫和克里斯认为如果可能的话
But Steve and Chris believe if it is possible,
量子纠缠将就是其结果
quantum entanglement will be how it's done.
量子力学在实验室里已反复的到了验证
Quantum mechanics has been verified repeatedly in the lab,
在我们的实验室在世界上许多实验室
our labs and many around the world,
几十年来反复得到了验证
over and over again for decades.
我们不断验证了量子力学
We've continually verified quantum mechanics