与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S05E01

Part 1 April 19, 2021, 3:01 p.m.

古代记录表明，自从人类出现
Ancient evidence suggests humans have practiced religion
宗教信仰就存在了
since they first walked the planet.
但对于宇宙中的其他文明
But is God being worshiped
他们是否也信仰神灵呢？
in the other worlds across the cosmos?
答案或许就在地球上
The answers might be buried here on earth...
比如动物哀悼同类的死亡
...in animals that mourn their dead,
比如学习体验灵性的机器人
in robots who learn to experience spirituality,
再比如强大的数学公式中
and in an equation so powerful,
或许某天“神”这一概念就不复存在了
it could one day kill the idea of God.
地球是宇宙中宗教的唯一发源地
Is earth the universe's only home for religion...
亦或“神”是遍布宇宙的概念？
...or is God an alien concept?
空间，时间，生命本身
Space, time, life itself.
宇宙之谜，尽在穿越虫洞
The secrets of the cosmos lie through the wormhole.
与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（S05E01）
Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman (S05E01)
神是宇宙生命的普遍概念吗？
Is God an Alien Concept?
几千年来
For thousands of years,
人们凝视星空
humans have gazed up at the heavens
期待神灵的到来
and contemplated the divine.
时至今日，我们仍在寻找
But today, we also wonder
地球之外还会有什么生命形式
what other forms of life might be out there.
星空中的某些光点很可能
It's possible that some of those points of light
是一些高等文明的家园
are home to advanced civilizations.
那么外星人抬头望向星空时又会想些什么呢？
What do the aliens think when they look up at their skies?
也许他们也像我们一样向更高层次的力量祈祷
Perhaps they pray to a higher power like we do.
神灵的概念是普遍存在的吗？
Is the concept of God truly universal?
成长中，人们告诉我
Growing up, I was told
圣经可以帮我解答我觉得困惑的问题
the Bible could help answer questions that baffled my mind,
比如“我为什么会这样？”
questions like, "why am I here?"
这让我想到是否还有和我同样想法的生物
It made me wonder if I was the only one pondering these things.
如果宇宙的某处存在外星人
What if there are aliens somewhere in the universe?
那么他们也会向上帝寻求答案吗？
Are they looking to God for answers, too?
所有的生命生来都会问这种急待解答的问题吗？
Are all creatures born asking the same burning question?
为什么？
Why?
为什么？
Why?
为什么？
Why?
黛比·科勒曼是一位知名的儿童心理学家
Deb Kelemen is a renowned child psychologist
就职于波士顿大学儿童认知实验室
at Boston university's child cognition lab.
她专门应付那些需要答案的人
She deals with clients who demand answers.
大约从3、4岁开始，就像父母告诉你的
Around 3 or 4 years of age, as any parent will tell you,
你的孩子开始经常问“为什么？”
your kid starts to ask you lots of "why?" Questions.
我们为什么有耳朵？
Why do we have ears?
猪为什么要在泥里面打滚？
Why does a pig roll in mud?
看起来他们一直都在问，“为什么，为什么，为什么？”
It seems constant, the "why, why, why, why, why?"
为什么数字没有尽头？
Why do numbers never stop?
有一些可能只是想要开始对话
Some of that's just to kind of get a conversation started,
但大多数是因为孩子们的确有
but a lot of it is because children
很强的解释一切的欲望
have these really strong explanatory urges.
我们对一类解释很感兴趣
We've been interested in the kinds of explanations
就是孩子们会自然的认为
children seem to naturally generate for themselves
哪种解释更符合他们的胃口
and which kinds of explanations they find palatable.
大多宗教文书，包括圣经
Most religious texts, including the Bible,
告诉我们一个神圣的力量
teach that a divine mind
出于某种目的创造了周围的一切
created everything around us for a purpose.
黛比设计了一个实验，来探究我们的大脑
Deb designed a study to see if our brains
是否本能的如此思考
innately think of the world in that way.
嘿，加布里埃，准备好了么？
Hey, Gabrielle. You ready?
好的
All right.
有一个国家
All around the country,
有许多类似这样尖尖的石头
there were these pointy kinds of rocks,
石头上面都是尖尖的突起
rocks with points on the top.
你认为这些石头为什么是尖的呢？
Why do you think the rocks were so pointy?
有一个人认为石头是尖的
One person thought they were pointy
是因为岩石经年累月的
because little bits of stuff piled up on top of one another
一层层堆积成的
over a very long time.
另一个人认为石头是尖的
Another person thought they were pointy
这样动物在身上痒的时候可以蹭痒
so animals could scratch on them when they got itchy.
你认为哪种解释更合理呢？
Which answer makes more sense to you?
可以蹭痒的那个
The one with the scratch.
好的，这样它们就能蹭痒了
Okay. So they could scr --
动物。好的
Animals. Okay.
加布里埃倾向于认为
Gabrielle prefers to believe
尖石头是由于某种目的而形成的
that pointy rocks were created for a purpose --
比如帮助动物蹭它们够不到的地方的痒
to scratch those hard-to-reach places on animals.
黛比将这个问题问了很多年龄段的孩子
Deb poses questions like this to kids of all ages,
大多数都认为答案是基于某种目的的
and most of them favor the same purpose-based answers.
有个池塘从来没有波纹
There were these ponds that never had any waves.
一个人认为它如此平静
One person thought they were still
动物就能在里面冲凉洗澡
so that animals could cool off in the them
而又不会被冲走
without getting washed away.
另一个人认为它如此平静
Another person thought they were still
是因为没有水流进池塘
because no moving water ever ran into them.
- 你认为是哪个？ - 动物们能冲凉
- Which answer? - So they could be cool.
动物们就可以冲凉了。好的
So they could be cool. Okay.
总之这是我们对于四岁孩子的发现
On balance what we found from about 4 years of age
而对于7、8岁的孩子，他们更倾向于赞同
and it gets stronger by about 7 or 8 years of age
对于所有自然现象
is that children prefer purpose-based explanations
基于某种目的的解释
for all kinds of natural phenomena.
他们身上体现出来的
What they are seeming to show signs of is something
正是世界上人们对于宗教的信仰
that we see recurrently across the religions of the world,
认同这种有目的的解释
is this kind -- this idea that there is some purpose,
认为事物因目的而存在
that things exist for a purpose potentially
因为是有人故意设计如此的
because of some intentional agent's purpose.
一旦我们了解了大自然是如何运作的
Once we are taught how nature works,
我们就知道石头并不是为了让动物挠痒而存在的
we learn that rocks are not concerned with itchy animals.
相反，它们经过地质循环
Rather, they go through geological cycles
从而变尖
and become pointy.
我们以目的为基础的解释感似乎消失了
Our purpose-based explanations seem to go away.
但我们的大脑是否还相信着它呢？
But is there a part of our brain that still believes them?
为了找出答案，黛比设计了成人版的尖石头实验
To find out, Deb designed a pointy-rock test for adults.
有些案例中，具有较高科学素养的成人
In some cases, very highly scientifically educated adults
对于自然现象
who have a very strong bias
以目的为基础的解释
against purpose-based explanations
有强烈的偏见
of natural phenomena,
我们就让他们看一系列
and what we did was to ask them to look at
以目的为基础的解释
a series of purpose-based explanations
但有时间限制
under conditions of speed,
他们要基于自己的第一感觉
so they had to respond very quickly
快速做出反应
based on their gut reactions.
黛比发现当时间紧迫时，大多数成年人
Deb has found that most adults, when pressed for time,
都会倾向基于目的的解释
tend to prefer purpose-based explanations.
我们作为人类的非凡之处
One thing that we're really phenomenal at as human beings
就在于我们很自然的基于目的给出原因
is reasoning about purposes and thinking about
并考虑一些故意设置的
intentionally designed or intentionally caused things
或故意引发的事情
comes very easily to us.
所以宗教中的这类解释
And so the kinds of explanations that you see in religions
反应的是人类智慧中的核心方面
tap very much into very core aspects of human intelligence.
许多成年人有意识的抵♥制♥神创论的解释
Many adults consciously reject creationist explanations,
但在我们的内心，我们更容易相信
but at our core, we appear prone to believe
万物存在皆有原因
all things were created for a reason.
如果有智慧外星人存在
If there are intelligent aliens out there,
他们会有和我们一样的本能吗？
would they have the same instincts that we do?
他们会认为神的力量造就万物吗？
Would they see divine forces at work wherever they look?
如果他们和人类
If they have something that's equivalent
进化道路相似
to a human evolutionary pathway
并和人类文化有相同之处
but also something similar to a human cultural context,
他们就会产生基于目的的解释
that they would be generating purpose-based explanations
从而产生宗教对世界的解释
and potentially even religious explanations.
外星人相信神吗？
Do aliens believe in God?
我们可能会这么认为
We might be more inclined to think so
如果我们了解了地球上的其他
if we knew that other animals on earth