与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S02E01

Part 2 April 19, 2021, 2:34 p.m.

感觉到光亮
a sense of brilliant light
似乎焕发出温暖无比的大爱
which seems to radiate warmth and unconditional love.
会有人报告遇到了其他人
Sometimes people report encountering other beings,
包括某种神祗
including a deity of some kind.
时而他们认出那神是上帝或基♥督♥
Sometimes they identify that deity as God or Christ,
时而却辨认不出
and sometimes they don't.
他们只是说
They just say that there was
这个全能的人物就是他们遇到的
this all-powerful being that they met.
许多科学家对这些经历不屑一顾
Many scientists dismiss these experiences
无非就是幻觉而已
as nothing more than hallucinations
是大脑在巨大的生理压力下触发的
triggered by a brain undergoing immense physical stress,
主要是神经细胞缺氧的缘故
mostly due to the nerve cells being deprived of oxygen.
早在上世纪70年代
Back in the 1970s,
美国空军的实验
experiments by the U.S. Air Force
就无意间测试了这个概念
inadvertently tested this idea.
科学家旋转离心机里的飞行员
Scientists spun pilots in a centrifuge,
给他们的身体施加强大的重力
subjecting their bodies to massive g-forces.
这会造成血液从大脑流向他们的下肢
It caused blood to drain to their feet
结果他们大脑缺氧
and left their brains starved for oxygen.
他们无一例外都是暂时性失明
They invariably blacked out.
他们醒来后有飞行员报告说看到了亮光
When they awoke, some pilots reported seeing a bright light.
还有人说他们离开了自己的身体
Others said they left their bodies
在高处俯视自己
and looked down at themselves from above --
经历类似于
experiences similar to those of people
那些濒临过死亡的人
who have been to the brink of death,
但缺少了一个关键的特征
but lacking one key feature.
在他们缺氧期间
In the period when they were losing oxygen,
也是他们失去意识的过程
as they were losing consciousness,
他们有一些特征
they had some features
经历了某些类似于临死前的体验
which bear some similarities to near-death experiences.
不过他们肯定没有碰到过已故的亲人
However, they certainly didn't ever meet deceased loved ones
或其他对象
or other entities.
所有这些生理解释带来的问题
The problem with all of these physiological explanations
在于他们并没有考虑到复杂的思想
is that they don't account for the complex thinking,
记忆的形成感知就发生在
the memory formation, the perceptions that take place
我们知道大脑
when we know the brain
无法进行复杂的思维之时
is not capable of doing complex thinking.
临死经历是不是
Are near-death experiences
心中对于辞世的最后的梦想呢？
the final dream of a mind that's about to wink out of existence?
抑或它们就是超越死亡那些东西的标志么？
Or are they a sign that there is something beyond death?
寻求真理的要求无非
Finding the truth requires nothing less
就是探索人类灵魂的科学探索
than a scientific quest to discover the human soul.
灵魂是神话呢
Is the soul a myth
还是宇宙中的一个基本要素呢？
or one of the fundamental elements of the Universe?
对科学家来说死后之生的问题
For scientists, the question of life after death
与另一个问题密切相关
is inextricably linked with another question.
意识为何物？
What is consciousness?
意识从何而来？
Where does consciousness come from?
我们死后它将何去？
And where does it go when we die?
斯图尔特·哈梅罗夫医生是
Dr. Stuart Hameroff is the director
图森亚利桑那大学意识研究中心的主任
of consciousness studies at the University of Arizona, Tucson.
他也是一名执业麻醉师
He's also a practicing anesthesiologist.
好的，一切都会很顺利的
只是做一个美梦
你醒来后会感觉很好的
在麻醉状态下患者是不会做梦的
Under anesthesia, patients don't dream --
即使我说做一个美梦吧
even though I said, "pick out a nice dream."
我们常这么说的但没有意识了
We always say that. But there's no awareness.
没有时间的流失患者醒了
There's no passage of time. Patients wake up.
他们并不知道他们究竟是睡了5分钟呢还是5个小时
They don't know if they've been asleep five minutes or five hours.
麻醉拿走了意识
Anesthesia takes away consciousness.
麻醉状态下的大脑是相当活跃的
Brain under anesthesia is quite active.
其差异还是有点神秘的
And the difference is still somewhat mysterious.
在手术室里多年观察病患
Years watching over patients in the operating room
让哈梅罗夫纠结于了解
made Hameroff obsessed with understanding the link
大脑活动与意识之间的关系
between brain activity and consciousness.
当时15年前
Then, 15 years ago,
他遇到了英国大物理学家罗杰·彭罗斯爵士
he met the great British physicist, Sir Roger Penrose.
他们合作研发出了一个关于
Together, they developed a radical new theory
大脑工作的激进新理论
for how the brain works --
一个已经发展成了无非就是对
a theory that has grown into nothing less
灵魂不灭进行科学论证的理论
than a scientific argument for an eternal soul.
其基础就是我们得脑细胞里的细小构造
At its root are tiny structures inside our brain cells
叫做微管
called microtubules.
你不妨看看细胞里头
If you look inside a cell,
你能看到这些构件
you find these structural components
宛如我们体内的骨骼
that are somewhat like the bones within our bodies.
微管其实发展成了丛林
The microtubules develop literally a forest
在每个细胞内部
inside each cell,
这决定了细胞的
which determines the architecture
构造和结构
and the structure of the cell.
我们认为微管设计精美
And we think microtubules are perfectly designed
成了细胞的机载计算机
to be the cell's onboard computer
在分子层面上处理信息
and process information at the molecular level.
哈梅罗夫和彭罗斯认为微管
Hameroff and Penrose argue that microtubules
把神经元和大脑形成整体
allow neurons and the brain as a whole
担当了量子计算机
to function as a quantum computer,
其运作方式根本不同于
performing operations in a fundamentally different way
普通计算机
from normal computers.
这里我们看到大脑有两个半球
So, here we have a brain with two hemispheres.
大脑的大部分感受
Most views of the brain
是单个神经元的集♥合♥
are of a collection of individual neurons.
当一个神经元被激发后
When one neuron fires,
它就会在一个突触处发送信♥号♥♥给下一个神经元
it sends a signal to the next neuron at a synapse.
这样进而引发那个神经元的激发
That, in turn, causes that neuron to fire,
那个神经元又引起另一个神经元的激发
and that neuron causes another neuron to fire,
就像多米诺骨牌一样
much like dominoes.
譬如这里有个神经元被激发
So, for example, if a neuron fires here,
就会触发邻居的激发
it's gonna trigger its neighbors to fire,
发送信♥号♥♥给整个大脑
sending signals through and around the brain.
这就是大脑工作的经典描述
That's the classical view of how the brain works.
在常规计算机里
In a conventional computer,
信♥号♥♥的传送
signals move around from place to place
是有迹可循的
along traceable paths.
但量子计算机的微观组件的沟通
But the microscopic components of a quantum computer
凭借的是一个神秘的处理进程叫做纠缠
are connected via a mysterious process called entanglement.
我们有人认为量子处理
Some of us think that quantum processes
在大脑的意识中扮演了重要的角色
play an important role in consciousness in the brain.
举个例子这里如果有个神经元活动
So, for example, if there's neuronal activity here,
它就有可能通过量子非局域性
it may be coupled through quantum non-locality
耦合到这里
to processes over here.
这些神经元联♥系♥了起来
These neurons are connected
尽管它们相互隔开
even though they're spatially separated
这样这里的活动
so that activity here
瞬间影响到了那里的活动
instantaneously affects activity over here.
哈梅罗夫和彭罗斯认为
Hameroff and Penrose argue
一个脑细胞里的微管的变化
that a change in the microtubules in one brain cell
会影响到另一个脑细胞里的微管
can affect microtubules in another.
不过那并不尽然
But that's not all.
量子理论声称空间中的每一个点
Quantum theory claims that every single point in space,
即使在真空里都能够容纳信息
even empty space, can contain information.
在宇宙巧夺天工的结构里
In the very fine structure of the universe,
存在有信息量子信息
there is information, quantum information,
不会像这些多米诺骨牌这个样子
not unlike these dominoes,
我们有信息传上传下这里那里
so that we can have information up or down, here and here,
然而它们有了沟通
but they're connected
这样事情发生在这里
so that something that happens here
而影响到那里
influences something here.
这就意味着微管里的信息
This means the information in the microtubules
能够进行沟通
can connect and become entangled
并与大脑外的宇宙纠缠在一起
with the universe outside the brain.
所以，就如这两个神经元可以纠缠在一起一样