与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S02E06

Part 2 April 19, 2021, 2:36 p.m.

此种数量的小变化
This small change in numbers
可能会带来大后果
could have big consequences.
癌症患者接受极少剂量的辐射
Cancer patients receive very tiny doses of radiation
来杀死他们的反叛细胞
to kill their rebel cells.
如果那种辐射强度有季节性变化
If the strength of that radiation changes seasonally,
那他们就有可能得到或多或少的剂量
they might get too little or too much of a dose.
掌握其中的差异就能够拯救生命
Knowing the difference could save lives.
不过这两人的发现
But the duo's most important discovery
有可能把握人类的未来
could secure the future of the human race.
在耀斑实际发生40个小时之前
40 hours prior to the actual time of the flare,
我们看到衰变率的变化实际上已经脱离此线了
we saw the decay rate change and actually leave the line.
耀斑发生后
After the flare,
它开始回归该线了
it started to recover and move back toward the line.
于是这就可能给了我们机会
So, this possibly gives us the opportunity, then,
去预测太阳耀斑何时发生
to predict when these solar flares are happening.
一个大的太阳耀斑可以抹去
A large solar flare could wipe out
几乎所有近3千颗绕地卫星
every one of the nearly 3,000 satellites orbiting the Earth.
刹那间，我们就失去了互联网
In a flash, we would lose the Internet,
GPS、电视、广播、电♥话♥
GPS, television, radio, telephones,
以及控制我们电网的系统
and the systems that control our power grids.
了解耀斑将有可能避免世界末日
Knowing a flare is coming could avert a global apocalypse.
如果这种现象是真实的我们认为是的
If this phenomenon is real, as we believe it is,
那么关键在于了解它是如何发生的
then it's essential to understand how this is happening
因为这肯定会是
because this will certainly be
更大难题的一部分我们必须要搞明白
a part of a bigger puzzle that we must understand
把所有的物理学整合在一块
to put all this physics together.
我们探索浩瀚的宇宙
We're groping in the dark of the vast Universe,
以为我们已经发现了最深奥的真理
thinking we have uncovered its deepest truths,
接着发现我们对于还有大量有待认识的
then finding we still have much to learn
自然规律
about the rules of nature.
大自然并不会让我们轻松得手的
And nature does not make things easy for us.
下至现实最小的层面
Down at the smallest scale of existence,
深入到怪异的量子力学世界里
deep in the weird world of quantum mechanics,
似乎有两套不同的规则
it seems to play by two different rules
同时出现
at the same time.
我们探索其奥秘越深入
And the deeper we probe into its mysteries,
就愈加迫使我们去探究不光是宇宙是如何运作的
the more we are forced to ask not just how the Universe works,
而且还有什么是真实的呢
but whether anything is real.
量子力学已经改变了世界
Quantum mechanics has transformed the world.
我们将我们多数惊人技术归功于
We owe most of our amazing technology
它解释了极小粒子的
to its explanations of how extremely small particles...
行为举止
behave.
但是我们并不真正了解它
But we don't really understand it.
在量子世界里似乎啥都没道理
In the quantum world, nothing seems to make sense.
现实不再是…真实的
Reality stops being...real.
这个谜团是我们
This mystery is our greatest obstacle
揭秘宇宙最大的障碍
to unlocking the secrets of the Universe.
若是我们能够攻克它
If we can solve it,
我们就有可能掌握了宇宙本身的关键
we may hold the keys to creation itself.
奥地利维也纳
Vienna, Austria,
可以说是量子力学的发源地
is arguably the birthplace of quantum mechanics.
就在这里你能看到
This is where you will find
世界量子实验者中的领军人物
the leading quantum experimentalist in the world,
安东·采林格教授
professor Anton Zeilinger.
我首次听说量子力学的时候
When I first heard of quantum mechanics
我还是个学生
when I was a student,
我当时顿时惊呆于三样东西
I was immediately struck by three things --
首先它有着难以置信的数学美
first, its unbelievable mathematical beauty.
其次其预测功能
Secondly, by the incredible precision
难以置信的精准
to which the predictions work.
第三
And thirdly,
事实上…它没有道理
by the fact that... it doesn't make sense.
量子力学描述了构成万物的
Quantum mechanics describes the behavior
所有微小粒子的行为
of all the tiny particles that everything is made of.
这些知识给了我们电脑
This knowledge has given us computers,
核电卫星，先进的医学
nuclear power, satellites, advanced medicine --
大多数的伟大技术进步
most of the great leaps forward
诞生于人类过去百年里
humanity has taken in the past 100 years.
但是量子世界似乎与
But the quantum world seems to run contrary
我们所掌握的所有自然规律背道而驰
to everything we know about the laws of nature.
简单说下至极小极小的物体
Simply put, down where things are very, very small,
宇宙遵循了一套不同的规则
the Universe follows a different set of rules.
考虑到量子的非局域性现象
Consider the phenomenon of quantum nonlocality,
两个粒子能够即时分享信息
when two tiny particles instantly share information
即使隔着遥远的距离
across vast distances.
如果有量子骰子
If there were quantum dice,
那就意味着如果我在这里掷一个骰子
it would mean that if I throw one die here,
它就会出现某个数字
it shows a certain number.
远距离掷出的另一个骰子
The other dice thrown at some distant location
也会出现同样的数字
would show the same number.
这怎么可能呢？
How can that be?
量子力学对此描述得很好
Quantum mechanics describes it very well.
一次有一次采林格证明了
Time and again Zeilinger has proven
无论其预测有多极端
that no matter how extreme its predictions,
量子理论的著述甚至都认为它不该这样
quantum theory works even though it shouldn't.
或许最终证明
And perhaps the ultimate proof
量子力学有多么令人不安
of just how unsettling quantum mechanics can be
就像那个所谓的双缝干涉实验
is something called the double-slit experiment.
它将让你产生疑问现实究竟是否存在
It will make you question whether reality exists at all.
这个简单的装置
This simple configuration
射出叫做光子的光的粒子
shoots particles of light called photons
每次一个经过屏幕上的这两条缝隙
one at a time through two tiny slits in a screen.
有一个激光器产生光
There's a laser which produces light.
此光被减弱到
This light is attenuated
每次只有一个光子出现
such that only one photon at a time emerges.
这些光子将穿过双缝装置
These photons pass through a two-slit assembly,
我们有一个记录其图谱的摄像头
and then we have a camera which registers the pattern
在双缝装置的后面
behind the two-slit assembly.
这样我们所看到的是光子
So, what we see is that the photons arrive
逐个抵达屏幕——有些在这里，有些在那里
one by one on the screen -- some here, some there --
看上去很随机
and it looks pretty random.
由于光子是逐个出现的
Since the photons travel one by one --
有些穿过这条缝隙，有些穿过那条缝隙
some through this slit, some through that slit --
你会以为它们在墙上
you would expect them to leave
留下两条条纹的图案
a pattern of two stripes on the wall,
你就错了
and you would be wrong.
它们神秘地♥产♥生了一组条纹
They mysteriously create a band of stripes.
这就是你预计能看到的
This is what you would expect to see
只要一束恒定的光束射过这两条缝隙
if a constant beam of light shined through the two slits.
它就会像波那样扩散到墙面上
It would spread across the wall like a wave.
那么一个子弹状的光粒子怎么会
So, how can single bullet-like particles of light
产生波的图谱的呢？
create a wave pattern?
这只能发生在
This could only happen
粒子同时穿越两条缝隙
if the particles go through both slits at the same time.
换句话说
In other words,
粒子同时在两个地方
the particle is in two places at once.
但是其中最怪异的就是发生在
But strangest of all is what happens
你将探测器放在缝隙旁边时
when you put detectors next to the slits.
当光子被监视时
When the photons are being watched,
波的图谱就消失了
the wave pattern disappears.
拿走探测器波的图谱又重现了
Take away the detectors, and the wave pattern comes back.
这表明我们可以改变现实行为
This suggests that we can change the way reality behaves
只要看着它就行了
just by looking at it.
这是否意味着现实本身
Does this mean that reality itself
并不是真实的呢？
is not real?
当今的答案是光子所走的路径
The modern answer is that the path taken by the photon
不是现实的要素
is not an element of reality.
我们不允许去讨论
We are not allowed to talk about
光子穿过这条或那条缝隙
the photon passing through this or this slit.
我们也不允许说
Neither are we allowed to say