与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

如果你认为每个人都是平等的
If you think you see everyone as equal,
那你就是在逗你自己
you're kidding yourself.
我们都有偏见
We all have biases.
不管我们认为我们的思想
And no matter how open-minded...
有多开明
We think we are...
刻板印象影响我们对人的判断
Stereotypes color our judgment of others.
会使我们严重误入歧途
...and can lead us badly astray.
停止暴♥力♥！
我们生活的世界被种族、宗教
We live in a society fractured by race, religion,
甚至我们最喜欢的运动队伍割裂开来
even our favorite sports teams.
我们把自己划分成竞争的部落
We divide ourselves into rival tribes.
我们之间政♥治♥的分歧
The political divide between us grows deeper
每一年都变得更深
with every passing year.
仇恨何时变得与生俱来？
When did hate become hard-wired into our brains?
我们生活在两个不同的美国里，一个是富人的
We live in two different americas, one for the rich...
我们生来就区别对待我们的同类吗？
Are we all born to discriminate against our fellow humans?
我们都是偏执狂吗？
Are we all bigots?
空间，时间，生命本身
Space, time, life itself.
宇宙之谜，尽在穿越虫洞
The secrets of the cosmos lie through the wormhole.
与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（S06E01）
Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman (S06E01)
我们都是偏执狂？
Are We All Bigots?
你想过没有，什么人是你本能地相信的
Have you ever thought about who you instinctively trust
什么人是你本能地害怕的？
and who you instinctively fear?
有人从黑暗的小巷中向你走来
Someone's walking toward you down a dark alley...
手里拿着什么东西
Holding something in his hand.
我觉得我自己是个思想开明的人
Now, I think of myself as an open-minded person.
但科学家们告诉我，我是逗我自己
But scientists tell me I'm kidding myself
你也一样
and so are you.
我们都带着偏见看待这个世界
We all look at the world with prejudice,
如果你只能在眨眼间做个决定
and when you have only a split second to decide,
你草率的判断可能会吓你一跳
your own snap judgments may shock you.
乔希·科雷尔从小以解谜为乐
Josh Correll grew up solving puzzles for fun,
但现在，作为一个心理学家
but now, as a psychologist,
他正在试图破解种族主义之谜
he's trying to solve the puzzle of racism.
他的工作与生死有关
And his work is a matter of life and death.
我的研究最初是受到阿马杜·迪亚洛的启发
So, my research was originally inspired by Amadou Diallo.
他回到家，又走出去，坐在前门廊上
He came home, went back outside to sit on his front porch,
公♥寓♥大楼的门廊
basically, the stoop of the apartment building.
这是1999年2月4号♥的凌晨时分
It was the early hours of February 4, 1999.
四个警♥察♥接近了他
Four New York police officers approached him.
迪亚洛正想拿出他钱包
Diallo reached for his wallet
一个警♥察♥喊道：
when one of the officers shouted,
“枪！他有枪！”
"gun! He's got a gun!"
他们开了41枪，将他当场杀死
They fired 41 rounds, killing him at the scene.
这些警♥察♥被宣告无罪
The police officers were acquitted of all charges,
点燃了一场全国的大争论
sparking a heated national debate.
这是一个不断上演的悲剧
It was a tragedy that has since repeated itself
密苏里州弗格森的迈克尔·布朗之死
in the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri,
俄亥俄州克里夫兰的塔米尔·赖斯之死
the death of Tamir Rice in Cleveland, Ohio,
俄亥俄州比弗克里克的约翰·克若福特之死
the death of John Crawford in Beavercreek, Ohio.
这呈现出了一个谜
And so, that presented a puzzle.
呈现出了一个问题
That presented a question.
我们如何确定，种族究竟是不是
How can we determine whether or not race was actually
驱使警♥察♥开枪的原因？
what drove the officers to shoot?
他们有些人是有武装的
Some of them will be armed.
乔希正在和不是警♥察♥的参与者
Josh is about to run an experiment with live ammunition
做一项关于实弹的实验
and with participants who are not policemen.
他要求白人被测试者
He asks his white test subject
将模拟当作现实生活
to treat the simulation as if it is real life.
他将要面对一个潜在的致命人物
A potentially lethal person is about to confront him,
他将有不到一秒的时间做出决定
and he will have less than one second to make a decision.
时间压力很大，他们必须迅速作出反应
There's time pressure. They have to react quickly.
我们可以看到
And we can look and see
当我们改变嫌犯的种族
whether when we change the race of the suspect
从黑变成白，或者从白变成黑
from black to white or white to black,
是否会影响到人的行为
does that influence a person's behavior.
被测试人会看到屏幕上出现一个场景
The subject will see a scene appear on a screen downrange.
一个白人会拿着一把枪出现
Then, a white man will appear holding either a gun
或者拿着一个手♥机♥
or a cellphone
或者一个黑人，拿着枪或手♥机♥
or it will be a black man with a gun or a cellphone.
人的图像只出现一秒钟时间
The image of the man is only up for one second.
决断的时刻到了
Time to decide.
开枪，还是不开？
Shoot or hold fire?
把枪错当成手♥机♥，然后死掉
Mistake the gun for a phone and die.
或者把手♥机♥错当成枪，杀害一个无辜的人
Mistake the phone for a gun and kill an innocent person.
那麽，我们想观察的是，在这样的情况下
So, what we want to look at is, in that situation
在没有明确的信息
where there's not good, clear information
并且人们需要快速反应的情况下
where people have to respond quickly,
他们是否根据种族作出决定？
did they use race to inform their decisions?
实验中♥共♥有数十组模拟
The simulation cycles through dozens of confrontations
平均地划分为白人和黑人男性
equally split between white and black male subjects.
乔希记录下被测试者用掉多长时间
Josh records how long it takes subjects
来做出决定
to make a decision
以及他们是否杀掉了无辜的人
and whether or not they kill an innocent person
或者他们自己死掉
or die themselves.
这些记录并没有什么卵用，在这场游戏中
It's worth noting that, in this game,
人们表现很好
people are pretty good.
他们没有犯下大量的错误
They don't make a ton of mistakes.
只有10%到15%的时候才会犯错
10%, 15% of the time, they make a mistake.
但我们观察那些错误
But when we look at those mistakes,
我们发现了种族偏差
we see racial bias in the errors.
他们会更快地射击持枪的目标
So they're faster to shoot the armed target
如果他是一个黑人而不是白人
if he's black rather than white.
当目标拿的是手♥机♥的时候
When the target's got a cellphone,
他们更有可能下定决心
they're much more likely to make that decision
向那个无辜的目标开枪，如果他是一个黑人
to shoot an innocent target when he's black...
而不是白人
Rather than white.
乔希对几千人进行了这一项实验
Josh has run this experiment on thousands of people.
平均来说，白人受试者会更快地射杀黑人男性
On average, white subjects are quicker to shoot the black male
30%到40%更多地把手♥机♥错当成枪
and are 30% to 40% more likely to mistake his phone for a gun.
当乔希和执法警♥察♥
When Josh performs this experiment
进行这项实验时
with law-enforcement officers,
他发现他们的专业训练
he finds that their expert training
显著地减少了致命错误的发生
significantly reduced the occurrence of fatal mistakes.
但是不管具有怎么的背景和训练
But no matter what their background or training,
被测试者都会更快地射杀黑人目标
most participants are quicker to shoot at a black target.
这是否意味着
Does this mean
白种美国人内在就是偏执的？
that white Americans are inherently bigoted?
乔希的黑人受试者的一个令人震惊的趋势
An utterly shocking trend with Josh's black participants
表明了实际情况要复杂得多
suggests that it's much more complicated than that.
我们看到，黑人参与者展现了同样的“反黑人”的偏差
We see that black participants show the same anti-black bias
和白人受试者如出一辙
that white participants do.
实际上我们做这个测试
Actually when we test
想要发现两群人是否有区别
to see if there is a difference in the two groups,
白人参与者对黑人参与者
white participants versus black participants,
在统计结果上来讲并没有什么不同
they are not statistically different from each other.
所以，我们认为这代表着
So, we think this represents
一个文化上的刻板印象
an awareness of a cultural stereotype,
而未必因为我们的受试者相信
not that our participants believe necessarily
黑人比白人更加危险
that black men are more dangerous than white men.
从人们看到的电影里
But by virtue of the movies that they watch,
听到的音乐里、新闻报道里
the music that they listen to, news reports,
他们得知
they're getting the idea
“黑人男性”与“暴♥力♥”密不可分
that "black male" goes with "violent."
黑人与暴♥力♥在人们的脑中链接在一起
The group and the idea are linked together in their brains
无论他们同意这种刻板印象与否
whether they agree with that stereotype or not.
为什么我们会做出生与死的决策
Why would we make life-and-death decisions
基于我们甚至不相信的刻板印象呢？
based on stereotypes we don't even believe?
我一直认为
I've always thought
我们可以克服这些偏执的想法
we could overcome these bigoted ideas.
然而一位神经科学家说，并没有这麽简单