与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S02E08

Part 5 April 19, 2021, 2:37 p.m.

智慧是如何出现自一个系统
how intelligence might emerge from a system
其操控只靠一些基本的规则
that operates on just a few basic ground rules.
这是象棋
So, this is chess.
它是个很复杂的游戏
It's a very complex game,
然而它只受控于几条很简单的规则
and yet it's governed by a few very simple rules.
你看到每一方只有16颗棋子
You really have only 16 pieces on each side,
每颗棋子都可以做二选一
and each piece can do one of two things.
你可以说生命也是同样的道理
And you can say the same thing about life.
尽管你可以说出
Even though you are talking
一两条很简单的规则
about one or two very simple rules,
但是你依然能得到着大量的
you still get this multitude
宇宙中各种千变万化
of different possible behaviors in the Universe.
1970年有位名叫约翰·康威的数学家
In 1970, a mathematician named John Conway
采纳了这个想法
ran with this idea
尝试创造人造生命形式
and attempted to create artificial life-forms
任其利用计算机程序
spontaneously using a computer program.
他称其为生命游戏
He called it "The Game of Life."
游戏模拟了人造生命的成长
The game simulates the growth of artificial life,
利用二维网格
using a two-dimensional grid
单个细胞生死未卜
and simple cells that are either dead or alive.
细胞的生死全凭若干基本规则掌控
Whether the cells live or die is governed by a few basic rules.
我们面前有大♥片♥细胞
So, we have here in front of us a large cell block,
我们可以看到这一个中♥央♥细胞在这里
and we can see this one central cell, which is on.
我们可以看到只有一个邻居在其左边
And we can see that it has only one neighbor to its left.
细胞关闭则表示它死了
The cell just switches off, which means that it dies.
它孤独的死了
And it dies of loneliness
因为它的邻居太少了
because it has too few neighbors.
好现在我们有一个中♥央♥细胞在这里
Well, now we've got a central cell, which is on,
不过它有五个邻居
but it has five neighbors.
它死了因为过度拥挤人口过剩
It dies because of overcrowding, overpopulation.
它同样不爽
It doesn't like it, either.
第三个例子细胞只有两个邻居
In the third example, a cell with only two neighbors --
细胞就能保持存活
the cell just keeps on living.
它在这种环境中甚至还能走动
It can even move around in this environment,
能够繁衍
and it can reproduce.
所以这是个很好的例子定居点完全适合
So this is a good example where the population is just right
细胞保持存活
for the cell to keep on living.
给予足够的时间越发复杂的模式
Given enough time, increasingly complex patterns
会出现自这套简单的规则
emerge from this simple set of rules.
有些甚至会表现出生物体的模样
Some even take on the appearance of living organisms.
约翰·康威曾试图获得关于生命的相同点
John Conway tried to make the same point regarding life --
它对我们而言貌似很复杂的
that it looks very complicated to us.
的确它看上去像是个奇迹
And, indeed, it looks like a miracle
生命在我们周围
that there is life around us,
但事实上他构建了一个游戏
but, in fact, he constructed a game
它由两三条同时又是很简单的规则构成
which consists of two or three, again, very simple rules,
由此产生了一些很复杂的模式
and it gives rise to some very complicated patterns.
这些模式需要有多复杂
How complex do these patterns need to be
才能让它们成为有生命的有智慧的长生不死的东西呢？
before they become something alive, intelligent, or immortal?
弗拉特科认为人脑是个很好的标准
Vlatko thinks the human brain is a good yardstick
已计算出了它的处理能力
and has calculated its processing power.
大脑目前仍然远强大于
The brain is currently still much more powerful
现有的计算机
than the existing computers.
现有的计算机能做到你知道的
So the existing computers can do something like, you know,
每秒10的12次方比特
10 to the power of 12 beats per second,
然而我们的大脑仍然在大概能做到
whereas our brain is still probably something
比它快百万倍
like a million times faster than that.
因此你需要有100万台笔记本
So you need 1 million laptops
才能模拟一个人脑
to simulate just a single human brain.
当今的计算机无论如何都没有强大到
Today's computers are nowhere near powerful enough
足以容纳人工智能生命
to house artificial intelligent life.
弗拉特科认为答案有可能用于
Vlatko believes the answer might be to use
全然不同的计算机
a completely different type of computer --
量子计算机
the quantum computer.
量子计算机
Quantum computer
本质上是未来的计算技术
is basically the future technology of computation.
该计算机速度很快原则上
It's a computer that's so fast, in principle,
目前没有计算机能与其匹敌
that no current computer can compete with it.
屏弃了晶体管
In place of transistors,
量子设备的运算是用单个原子
quantum devices compute with individual atoms.
摒弃了用一大堆的1和0
And instead of sorting piles of ones and zeroes
来给出对与否的答案
to give yes-and-no answers,
量子计算机里的原子
the atoms in quantum computers
可以是1，0，以及两者之间的一切
can be ones, zeroes, and everything in between,
是以计算可能性出现的
existing as a computational maybe.
量子计算机实际上利用了
The quantum computer really utilizes
叫做叠加的量子效应
the quantum effect known as the super position,
那意味着
which means being
在同一时刻出现许多不同的状态
in many different states at the same time.
这种处理多种状态的能力
This ability to handle a multiplicity of states
让量子计算机
allows quantum computers
同时应对许多重迭问题
to juggle many overlapping problems at once,
就是我们大脑的运行方式
just the way our brains do.
打个比喻我来为你弹琴
The analogy would be if I played a chord for you...
你会同时有
...then you would get
许多种不同的弹奏模式
many different modes played at the same time,
那其实是对应了
which would really correspond
同时出现的许多种状态
to many states being out there simultaneously
全都出现在一个地方
all in one location
量子计算的全部能量
and the full power of quantum computation,
实际上无极限的某种意义上
which is actually unlimited, in some sense,
就看你是否要储存
if you start to store
0和1之间所有的数值了
all the values in between the zero and the one.
于是你就真正上了一个台阶你可以编码好多好多
So then you really reach a stage where you can encode much more
可以说是真正做到了无极限
and the capacity really has no limits in that sense.
或许有朝一日
There might be a time
人类放弃了自己的长生之梦
when humans forego their own dream of immortality
创造出永恒的人工生命
and create eternal artificial life.
如是那样
And if they do,
人工生命与生物生命将会如何相处呢？
how would artificial and biological life get along?
有些人认为很快
Some people think that very soon
计算机将会聪明过我们它们会将我们放入动物园
computers will be smarter than us and they'll put us in zoos.
它们把我们关进笼子扔花生给我们吃
They'll put us behind bars and throw peanuts at us
让我们在笼子里跳舞
and make us dance behind bars
就像我们今天在动物园里让熊跳舞那样
just like we make bears dance in zoos today.
不过在目前
But at the present time,
这些技术都还是八字没一撇
none of these technologies are ready for prime time.
我们根本不具有可运作的量子计算机
We simply don't have an operating quantum computer.
量子计算机计算的世界纪录是
The world's record for a quantum computer calculation is --
3乘以5等于15
3 times 5 is 15.
我们有时会忽视计算机和机器人
We sometimes forget that computers and robots,
无论它们有多先进作为计算机
no matter how advanced they are, are adding machines.
但那并不意味着
But that doesn't mean
它们具有创造性想象力主动性
they have creativity, imagination, initiative.
那并不意味着它们理解了人类的价值观
It doesn't mean they understand human values.
那并不意味着它们可以如我们这样做出跳跃式的逻辑推理
It doesn't mean that they can make leaps of logic like we can.
换句话说我们有很长的路要走
In other words, we have a long ways to go
我们方始能够模拟
before we can begin to approximate
发生在人类身上的真正的思维过程
the real thinking process that takes place in a human being.
我们躲过了成为量子智能的奴隶
We're safe from becoming slaves to quantum intelligence...
暂且
for the time being.
但这位物理学家设想了人类的一个不同的命运
But this physicist envisions a different fate for mankind,
介于人工生命与生物生命之间
one where the lines between artificial and biological life
模糊不清
will blur
不朽将成为现实
and immortality will become reality,
不仅对生者
not just for the living...
并且还对死者
but also for the dead.
我们都被灌输过科学思想与宗教
We're taught to think of science and religion
是各不相干的真理
as separate truths.
爱因斯坦并不这么认为
Albert Einstein didn't believe that.