与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S02E04

Part 2 April 19, 2021, 2:35 p.m.

是因为它其实集中在了
because it's actually concentrated
另一个维度的某个地方
somewhere else in another dimension.
额外维度的想法
The idea that extra dimensions
有可能是我们现实的隐藏部分其可追溯到帕拉图
might be a hidden part of our reality is as old as Plato.
他想象我们所在的世界
He imagined the world we live in
就像是被火光照亮的洞穴岩壁
to be like the wall of a cave lit by firelight.
魅影舞蹈掠过我们的二维世界
Shadows dance across our two-dimensional world
那是洞穴里第三个维度的物体的投影
cast by objects in the body of the cave
我们没看见
in a third dimension that's hidden from us.
三维立体形状如四面体
A three-dimensional geometrical shape like the tetrahedron,
它有四个等边
which has four equal sides,
可以在岩壁上投射出一个扭曲的阴影
could cast a distorted shadow on the wall
以至于一边看上去比其它边短很多
so that one side looks much shorter than the others.
宛如一个额外的维度
Just as an extra dimension
能够掩饰其中一条边的长度一样
can hide the true length of one of the sides,
所以同样它有可能掩饰掉引力真正的强度
so, too, it might be hiding the true strength of gravity.
丽莎·兰德尔认识额外维度的努力
And Lisa Randall's efforts to learn about extra dimensions
始于和柏拉图一样研究阴影
begins, like Plato's, with studying shadows.
这里我有一个三维的立方体
So here I have a three-dimensional cube.
现在我不妨来做一个投影
Now, if I had a single projection,
实际上我可以来混淆一下
I might actually confuse that,
比如就是一个正方形
for example, of just being a square,
那是二维的
which is two-dimensional.
然而转动物体
However, by rotating the object
从不同的角度
and looking from different angles
看到不同的投影
with different projections,
你就可以说出你手里的是个三维的物体
you can tell that what you have is a three-dimensional object.
将信息凑在一起
By putting together the information,
你就可以推断出那有什么
you can deduce what's there.
就像二维阴影
Just as a two-dimensional shadow
可以帮助我们认识三维立方体的真实形状一样
can help us learn the true shape of a three-dimensional cube,
我们可以探索四维立方体
we can explore a four-dimensional cube,
超立方体通过观察其三维阴影
a hypercube, by looking at its three-dimensional shadows.
我们可以看到超立方体各个投影
We can look at different projections of a hypercube.
我们会看到的
What we would see
是从一个角度去看立方体那样的东西
are things from one angle that might look a cube.
从另一个角度它可能看上去就像是立方体里面有个立方体
From other angles, it might look like a cube inside a cube.
它可能看上去就像是自我从内往外翻转
It might look like it's turning itself inside out
因为我们并不是真的在第四维里
because we're not really in the fourth dimension,
因此它的举动是我们并不熟悉的
so it does things that we're not familiar with
因为它具有这整个其它的空间维度
because it has this whole other dimension of space
它可以表现出来
that it can play with.
不过若是有第四维度的存在
But if a fourth dimension does exist,
我们不会看到有物体如此变化形状
shouldn't we see objects changing shapes like this,
甚至会自我由内往外翻转吧？
even turning themselves inside out?
难道存在于第四维度里的东西
Could it be that whatever exists in the fourth dimension
不知咋的被阻止进入我们的世界么？
is somehow blocked from entering our world?
还是它们被某种方式隐匿起来了？
Or could they be hidden some other way?
因此若是有额外的维度
So, if there are extra dimensions,
它们必定得很好地隐匿起来
they have to be pretty well-hidden
让我们无法去发现它们
for us not to have seen them.
那为何会是是这个样子？
So, why would that be?
可能是这些其它的维度
It could be these other dimensions
非常之小我们只是发现不了它们
are just so tiny we just don't notice them.
然而这位科学家
But this scientist
认为他已经发现了新方法来察觉它们
thinks he's discovered a new way to detect them
我们所无法看到的维度
and that dimensions we can't see
控制着宇宙间万物运动的方式
control the way everything in the Universe moves.
如果我们进入空间第四维度
What would it look like
会是什么样子呢？
if we were to travel into a fourth dimension of space?
这是很难想象的
It's not easy to imagine.
不过这里有一个办法去得到概念
But here's one way to get an idea.
把我的手掌看成是一个只有两个维度的世界
Think of the palm of my hand as a world of only two dimensions.
如果有一个三维的球穿过它
If a three-dimensional ball were to pass through it,
那我的手掌里的居民会看到什么？
what would the inhabitants of my palm see?
一个圆圈在增大
A circle that grew
然后收缩为一点随后慢慢消失了
and then shrunk down to a dot before disappearing.
所以如果我可以走进第四维度
So, if I could move into the fourth dimension,
我的三维投影就会变形收缩
my three-dimensional projection would distort, shrink,
最后消失在这个世界里一片漆黑
and finally flicker out of this world, becoming totally dark.
加州大学欧文分校的物理学家蒂姆·泰特
U.C. Irvine Physicist Tim Tait
认为宇宙中多数物质
thinks most of the matter in the Universe
或许已经进入了第四维度变成了漆黑一团
may have moved into the fourth dimension and gone dark.
他同时也花费了大部分时间
He, too, spends most of his time
试图逃出平时束缚我们的维度
trying to escape the dimensions that normally confine us.
你潜水时
When you scuba dive,
你会马上意识到那样的事实
you become immediately aware of the fact
你得控制你的高度
that you have to control how high you are,
深度要知道你是在水里
how deep, you know, you are in the water,
你距离水面有多近
how close you are to the surface,
这样你就立马意识到实际上
and so you instantly become aware of the fact
对于另一个维度
that there's another dimension
某种程度你在实地是无法真正感受到的
in a way that you can't really feel when you're on the ground.
蒂姆认为另一个维度
Tim believes that yet another dimension,
第四维度甚至有可能是
a fourth dimension, might be the key
解释宇宙最深层的谜团之一的关键
to explaining one of the deepest mysteries of the Universe --
暗物质之谜
the mystery of dark matter.
近年来我们已经真正意识到了事实上
In the recent years, we've become really aware of the fact
我们在盘点我们宇宙的所有东西后
that when we account for all the stuff in our Universe,
有东西不见了
there's stuff that's missing.
我们可以看到它的引力吸引着其他东西
We can see it pulling on other things gravitationally,
但除此之外并没有留下任何存在的痕迹
but other than that, it doesn't leave any trace that it's there.
科学家相信有暗物质的存在
Scientists are convinced dark matter exists
因为它影响着恒星围绕星系的方式
because it's affecting the way stars rotate around galaxies.
它的引力非常强大
The gravitational pull of it is so strong,
他们估计暗物质
that they estimate dark matter
比普通物质是5:1
outweighs normal matter by five to one.
我们确实不知道暗物质是什么
We really don't know what dark matter is,
但已有许多想法提了出来
but there have been many ideas that have been proposed
试图去解释它
to try to explain it,
我个人接受暗物质
and my own personal take on dark matter
是关于额外维度的理论
is a theory with extra dimensions.
蒂姆的想法是暗物质可能是
Tim's idea is that dark matter could be evidence
第四维度存在的证据
that a fourth dimension exists,
那个维度我们几乎是看不见的
a dimension that is almost impossible for us to see.
所以说额外维度可比作
So an analogy for the extra dimension
是观察船只的锚索
would be looking at the anchor line of a boat.
你看到绳索伸到远方你看到绳索
When you look at the line from far away, you see a line.
你看到又长又细的东西
You see a long, thin object,
你没意识到它其实是有宽度的
and you don't realize that it actually has width,
它具有另一个维度你可以移♥动♥的
that it has an extra direction that you can move
如果你坐在其表面的话
if you were sitting on the surface of it.
凑近一看它实际上是个圆柱体
Close up, it's actually a cylinder.
它很粗壮你可以沿着它的外♥围♥移♥动♥
It's big and fat, and you can move around the periphery of it.
如果粒子绕着这个圆柱移♥动♥
If particles are moving around this cylinder,
如果它足够小的话
and if it were small enough,
它们就会让我们看上去就好像它们根本没动一般
they would look to us like they were not moving at all.
这就是我们关于额外维度的模型
So this is our model for an extra dimension.
我们有这个浮子它代表一个粒子
We have the Bob, which represents a particle.
我旋转粒子
As I spin the particle around,
它就会打圈绳子将其保持在适当位置上
as it goes in a circle with the string holding it in place,
那表示它在额外的维度里移♥动♥
and that represents it moving in the extra dimension.
好让我们来看看其如何动作
So, let's see how that works.
现在我们看到它在额外的维度里打圈
So here we have it spinning around in the extra dimension.
随着它越来越靠近加速了起来
As it gets closer and closer, it speeds up.
它速度越来越快具有了更高的能量
It moves faster and faster and has more energy.
尽管这个粒子看上去好像原地不动
Even though this particle looks like it's standing still,
它可能实际上动作非常非常快
it could actually be moving very, very fast
打着很小很小的圈子
just in a very, very small circle.
运动中的任何粒子必须具有能量
Any particle that is moving must have energy,