与摩根·弗里曼一起穿越虫洞（2010）

Through The Wormhole With Morgan Freeman S02E06

Part 3 April 19, 2021, 2:36 p.m.

光子穿过这两条缝隙
that the photons pass through both slits.
所有这种说法都是不恰当的
All this kind of language is not applicable.
因而我们就只能从量子力学中
So, do we just keep reaping the benefits
不断获益
from quantum mechanics
并打心底里接受大自然所表现出的那一套规则
and accept that, deep down, nature plays by a set of rules
将永远是个不解之谜么？
that will forever remain a mystery?
这里有趣的信息就是
The interesting message here is
我们有量子物理学上百年了
that we have quantum physics now around for nearly 100 years,
我们还依然在探索其基本原理
and we are still working at the foundations.
这就告诉我一旦我们有所发现
And that tells me that when we find it,
那将绝对是个启示
it will be an absolute revelation.
它将会是不同于我们一直所想的东西
It will be something different from what we have been thinking.
若是量子理论家是正确的
If the quantum theorists are correct,
我们将永远都不会明白
we will never understand
宇宙的根本
the fundamental level of the Universe.
我们寻求终极理论的愿望将告破灭
Our hopes of finding an ultimate theory will fail,
人类将会遇上无法突破的障碍
and the human race
无法突破的障碍
will hit a roadblock it can't break through.
但若是他们错了呢？
But what if they're wrong?
若是这一切的真♥相♥
What if the truth about what happens
深藏在你我
deep inside you, me,
以及宇宙万物之中
and everything else in the Universe
我们是否愿意去寻求它呢？
is there if we're willing to look for it?
在20世纪大部分时间里
For most of the 20th century,
科学家认为量子物理学是无法解释的
scientists believed quantum physics could not be explained,
我们只能接受
that we would just have to accept
我们将永远不会知道在现实的最小层面上
that we'll never know why things behave as they do
为何事物会表现出它们的举动
down at the deepest levels of existence.
然而现在有越来越多的反叛科学家认为
But now a growing band of rebel scientists thinks
或许最终我们能合乎逻辑的解释
there may be a logical explanation
量子的怪异
for quantum weirdness after all
有新的希望来揭示
and new hope for revealing
我们宇宙的终极真理
the ultimate truth of our Universe.
线索始于这里
The trail begins here...
一滴硅
with a drop of silicon.
在他的巴黎实验室里
In his Paris laboratory,
物理学家伊夫·库代及其团队
physicist Yves Couder and his team
开展了一系列惊人的实验
conduct an amazing series of experiments.
他们观察到硅滴在震动板上步调一致
They are observing the behavior of silicon droplets
弹跳的举动
bouncing in lockstep on a vibrating plate.
滴落的液体
The liquid of the drop
从来不会接触到基板的液体
never touches the liquid of the substrate.
它们总是被一层薄膜给分开
So, they're always separated by a film.
事实上它是稳定的
And, in fact, it is stable.
你可以保持硅滴在液面上弹跳上几天
You can keep the drop bouncing on the liquid surface
只要你愿意
for several days if you wish.
利用每秒千帧的摄像机
Using a camera that shoots 1,000 frames per second,
库代发现这些硅滴
Couder has discovered that these droplets
酷似量子世界里所见到的举动
mimic behavior seen in the quantum world.
那应该是不可能的
And that shouldn't be possible,
因为量子世界和大尺度世界
because the quantum world and the large-scale world
分别是两套全然不同的规则
play by two different sets of rules.
然而我们现在看到硅滴的随机移♥动♥
Yet here we see a single droplet moving randomly
宛如量子粒子一般
like a quantum particle,
但其动作却如量子波那样
but behaving like a quantum wave.
你仔细观察会注意到那波
If you watch this carefully, you'll notice that the wave
似乎在引导着硅滴
appears to be guiding the droplet.
事实上硅滴周围的波场
In fact, the wave fields around the droplets
开♥发♥了硅滴所走路径的记忆
develop a memory of the trails they have followed.
尽管其行动随意
Despite their random behavior,
但它们遵循的路径很少
they follow a small number of paths.
此外这诡异地类似于
Again, this is eerily similar
量子物体的动作
to the behavior of quantum objects.
此种举动严重背离了普遍的看法
This runs so contrary to popular belief
所以一开始库代难以相信自己的所见
that, at first, Couder refused to believe what he was seeing.
在任何物理实验中
In any physics experiment,
你只看你准备看的东西
you only see what you are prepared to see.
当然这显然存在着惯性思维
Of course, it was very obvious that there was a memory,
不过它让我们费了一点时间认识到
but it took us some time to realize
它就是我们所观察到的
that it was that that we were observing,
因为你得去适应这种新概念
because you have to adapt to this new idea.
或许整个最直观的是
Perhaps most revealing of all,
库代用其弹跳的硅滴
Couder has reproduced the double-slit experiment
再现了双缝实验
using his bouncing silicon droplets.
量子力学的奥秘在于
The mystery of quantum mechanics is,
电子之类的东西怎么会
how can things like electrons
其举止有时像粒子有时像波的呢？
sometimes behave like particles and sometimes behave like waves?
或许这就是答案
Perhaps this is the answer.
它们既是粒子又是波
They are particles and waves.
当然此种系统虽然小但不是量子
Of course, this system, though small, is not quantum.
我们的系统并不是量子力学的模型
Our system is not a model of quantum mechanics,
但它是粒子和波的结合
but is an association of a particle and a wave.
其某些属性类似于
And some of its properties are similar
我们在量子力学所看的属性
to the properties that are observed in quantum mechanics.
库代并不主张他的实验向我们展现了
Couder won't claim that his experiments show us
那真的就发生在
what is really happening
现实的最深层
down at the deepest layers of existence.
但此人就这么认为
But this man will.
在他看来那些硅滴更加证明了
To him, those droplets are more proof
归根结底是量子世界产生了意识
that the quantum world makes sense after all
那是实实在在的事实
and that reality really exists.
克莱姆森大学的安东尼·瓦伦蒂尼
Antony Valentini of Clemson University
是个量子极端分子
is a quantum heretic.
他大声宣布
He loudly proclaims
物理学在上世纪20年代就已经出轨了
that physics went off the rails in the 1920s
当时它已经接受了量子不确定性的学说
when it embraced the doctrine of quantum uncertainty,
其声称啥都不是真实的除非我们观察它
which says that nothing is real until we look at it.
瓦伦蒂尼捍卫着其留下的理论
Valentini champions the theory that got left behind.
其创始人是20世纪早期的
It was created by one of the pillars
物理学顶梁柱之一
of early 20th-century physics,
德布罗意
Louis De Broglie.
德布罗意最初的想法是
Louis De Broglie's original idea is
电子自始自终既是波又是粒子
an electron is both a wave and a particle all the time.
并不是有时是粒子
It's not the case that, well, sometimes it's a particle,
有时是波
sometimes it's a wave.
始终就是波引导着粒子
There is a wave guiding a particle at all times.
德布罗意称其为导波
And De Broglie called this a pilot wave.
在量子理论中
In quantum theory,
有种东西叫做概率波
there's something called the probability wave,
纯数学的对象它告诉你
a purely mathematical object that tells you the chance
在空间任意点找到电子的机会
of finding an electron at any point in space.
导波理论
Pilot wave theory
将这种波看作是真正的物理对象
treats this wave as a real physical object.
简单的比喻是个瓶子
So, a simple analog is a bottle.
有人在岛上他们想传递信息
Someone is on an island, and they want to send a message.
他们把事情写在一张纸上
So they write something on a piece of paper,
将纸放在瓶子里塞住瓶口将它扔进大海
put it in a bottle, close it, and throw it in the ocean.
海浪推着瓶子往前
And water waves simply push the bottle along.
有个关键的区别存在于
There is a crucial difference
我们所知的波浪与导波之间
between the waves we know and the pilot wave.
根据这个理论
According to the theory,
导波存在于看不见的空间维度里
pilot waves exist in hidden dimensions of space
超出了我们所知的三维
beyond the three we know.
如果属实这就意味着
If true, this means that,
违背了物理理论上所接受的
contrary to the accepted theory in physics,
量子物体遵守着大物体同样的规则
quantum objects obey the same rules as large objects.
它们并不会同时处在两个地方
They do not exist in two places at once.
它们是现实世界的组成部分
They're part of the real world.
我认为量子力学本身
I think that quantum mechanics itself
甚至都不是
is not even a candidate