宇宙（2007）

The Universe S01E05

Part 1 April 22, 2021, 8:11 p.m.

一开始，是一片黑暗。然后，“砰”得一声！产生了无尽的时间、空间和物质。
现在再看看我们曾经想象过的，超越我们存在的极限，就是我们所谓的“宇宙”。
In the beginning, there was darkness. And then...BANG! Giving birth to an endless extending existence of time,
space and matter.Now see further that we'd ever imagined, beyond the limits of our existence,in a place we call... THE UNIVERSE.
它是如此的亲密.
It's so close.
几千年以来,人们因为它的存在而得到欣慰.
For thousands of years, Man has found comfort in its presence.
它是旅行家夜晚的灯塔,
It's been a beacon for nocturnal travelers,
是农夫的计时器,
a timekeeper for farmers,
水手在海上的航标.
and a location finder for sailors at sea.
某些文明甚至把它作为神灵.
For some cultures it's even been a god.
它是人类唯一造访过的宇宙天体.
It's the only cosmic body ever visited by human beings.
而且现在美国航♥天♥局计划在那建立永久基地.
And today NASA is planning a permanent outpost there.
它是如何被放到首位的?
But how did it get there in the first place?
月亮是如何到来的呢?
How did the Moon come to be?
答案充满了惊奇和吸引力,
The answer is more astounding and spectacular
超过了地球上大多数人的想象.
than most residents of Earth have ever imagined.
宇宙1x05 月亮
根据最新统计,太阳系里有150多颗卫星.
At last count, over 150 moons populate our solar system.
海王星有13颗.
Neptune claims 13 of them.
土星有48颗.
Saturn has 48.
木星竟然有62颗.
And Jupiter host an astounding 62.
另一方面,地球却只有1颗.
Earth, on the other hand, has just one.
然而它却是特别的一颗.
But it's a special one.
我们的卫星,月神(Luna),罗马人取的名字,有着不一般的大小.
Our moon, Luna, as the Romans named it, is remarkable in its size.
It is by no means the largest moon in the solar system.
它不是太阳系里最大的卫星.
Several others are bigger.
其它几个要比它大.
One of Saturn's moon's Titan for instance, is twice the size.
土星的一颗卫星提坦就是个例子,体积是月亮的两倍.
But our moon is the largest, in relation to its host planet.
不过月亮对于地球却是最大的.
It's a quarter the size of the Earth, It's really big compared to the Earth.
它有地球的四分之一大小,与地球相比实在是大.
If you look to a telescope, at the Earth from a distance
如果你用望远镜在远距离观望地球,
you'd see the Earth and this other big thing.
你将看到地球和这个大东西.
If you look at Jupiter, or any other planet,
如果你看木星或其它行星,
you got the big planet and all tiny moons right next to it. So...
只能看到巨大的行星和所有微小的卫星在它的旁边.所以...
our moon is so much bigger, and it's the only one of the...
我们的月亮要大得多,它只是...
of the now eight planets, that has that situation.
现在的八颗行星之一.就是这个情况.
The relative sizes of the two bodies are close enough,
两者的相对大小如此接近,
that some astronomers goes so far as to refer to the "Earth-moon system"
某些天文学家很早就提及"地-月系统"
as a double planet.
就象个双行星.
The mean distance from the Earth to the Moon is 234,000 miles.
地球到月亮的平均距离为234000英里.
A three-day fly through space.
为期3天的飞行距离.
Luna's diameter is roughly one quarter the size of Earth,
月球的直径大约为地球的四分之一,
measuring 2,160 miles.
2160英里.
A single day on the Moon is the equivalent of 27.3 Earth days.
月球上的一天相当于地球的27.3天.
This is because one side of the Moon permanently faces us.
这是因为月球的一面始终对着我们.
Luna is face-locked with our planet.
月球一面固定对着地球.
So the Moon must fully orbit the Earth, in order to make
因此月球必须是足足围绕地球转一圈,
one complete rotation on its axes.
才能围绕着自己的轴线自转一圈.
Sort of like children in a game of "Ring around the Rosie".
就象孩子们玩的"围着萝西转圈圈'的游戏.
They always face inward, as they hold hands and move in a circle.
孩子们的脸始终朝着里面,手拉着手转着圈子.
Zero, all engines running. Liftoff. We have a liftoff...
0,点火.升空.已经升空...
Yet as closely related as the Moon is to our Earth,
然而月球对地球是如此的密切,
it would only take a brief visit to Luna, to make it quite clear
对月球不仅仅是短暂的旅行,十分清楚,
that it is in fact a very different world from our planet.
事实上它与地球非常地不同.
And an exceedingly dangerous place.
这是一个非常危险的地方.
We're standing now. Tranquility base here. The Eagle has landed.
我们站在这.安静极了.鹰已经登陆.
There's no air of course. You need your space suit.
当然没有空气.你需要太空服.
Indeed, the Moon has absolutely no atmosphere at all.
确实,月球完全没有大气层.
So there is nothing to carry sound waves.
所以声音无法传播.
If you were standing on the Moon with a friend, and trying to converse,
如果你和朋友站在月球上,试图交流,
the person wouldn't be able to hear you. Except by radio.
他是无法听到你说什么的.除非用无线电.
I was strolling on the Moon one day,
我在月球上漫步了一天,
in the merry, merry month of...
在快乐,快乐的...
- December. - No, May!
-十二月.-不,是五月!
No atmosphere also means that there are no air molecules
没有大气层也意味着没有空气分子
to scatter light from the Sun.
弥散太阳来的光线.
So the sky is always black.
所以天空始终是黑暗的.
And the landscape does little to help brighten the scene.
地形对前景边亮少许有点帮助.
Kind of monochromatic, you know, not much color there,
单色调的,你知道吗,没有很多颜色,
The rocks are mostly gray-brown colors.
岩石几乎是灰褐色的.
It's maybe a little warmer tone in one direction, maybe towards the Sun, and
它在一个方向上可能有点暖色调的,可能是向着太阳的缘故,
cooler tones, grayer tones, looking in other directions,
而在其它方向去看,就是冷色调的,灰色调的,
but not so colorful.
不是五颜六色的.
Extreme temperatures will also add to the unpleasantness of a visit.
极端的温度也是大煞游览的风景.
The swings between hot and cold are brutal.
冷热之间温度摆动是严酷的.
From 270 degrees above zero at mid-day,
从正午的270度
to 240 degrees below zero at night.
到晚上的零下240度.
Even the Moon's low gravity, just one sixth of Earth's,
甚至月球的低引力只有地球的六分之一,
could present a hazard to a tourist.
对旅游者是个冒险的举动.
A reality the Apollo astronauts kept at the tops of their minds
在现实中,阿波罗宇航员在月球上漫步时
during their many moonwalks.
保持了高度的思想集中.
They realize that beyond the thickness
他们意识到在他们太空服
of their visor in their space suit, was death.
的外面是死亡.
Should they do something and fall into a rock
他们做事时会被岩石绊倒,
and lose your footing and fall and hit an outcrop,
失足被露出的岩石击中,
this visor could be cracked, expose you to lunar vacuum,
面罩会被打碎,把自己暴露在月球的真空里,
we would had a serious situation on our hand.
这样就会是一个严重的情况.
But while a spacesuit could protect lunar tourists against the vacuum of space,
虽然太空服可以对付月球的真空,
a lack of oxygen, temperature extremes, and lethal solar radiation,
月球上缺乏氧气,温度极端,还有致命的太阳辐射,
a potential hazard that spacesuit would do little to protect against,
但是太空服提供的有限的保护还是无法避免潜在的危险,
is high-velocity micro-meteorites.
就是高速的微小陨石.
They pummel the lunar surface frequently.
它们连续打击月球的表面.
Tiny meteorites...
细小的陨石...
The little ones that burn up in our atmosphere and make shooting stars,
在我们大气层燃烧和产生流星的小陨石,
those, there's no atmosphere on Moon, they're coming right down hitting surface.
那些,月球上没有大气,它们就直接打击表面.
They pulverize the lunar surface,
它们研磨着月球表面,
generating a dusty blanket of gravel light material, called regolith.
产生了轻物质的沙尘飞扬,所谓的风化层.
Doctor Amanda Hendrix studies the moon at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Amanda Hendrix博士在美国航♥天♥局的喷气推进实验室里研究月球.
This clamp here is kind of a regular factory.
这是普通工厂里的工具.
It's ground up rock, that's what it is.
它研磨石块,就是那.
The times goes and this scrubber mill a lot faster.
随着时间推移,研磨会快得多.
Here it's made in less than an hour,
这至少磨了一个小时了,
but on the Moon, it is the result of more than four billion years of bombardment,
然而在月球上,已经经历了40亿年的轰击,
by meteorites and micro meteorites, raining in on the surface and breaking up the rock.
陨石和小陨石降落在表面,破碎了岩石.
Like the product of this gravel mill,
就象这个研磨机的产物,
lunar regolith has formed in a variety of grain sizes,
月球风化层以各种各样的颗粒组成,
from large rocks to fine dust.
从大石块到细沙.
This very fine dust is familiar to us from Apollo images that
这个非常细的沙尘对我们是熟悉的,在来自阿波罗的图象里,
were seen of astronaut's footprints in the dusk.
宇航员黄昏的足迹里可以看到.
It's very fine and... So fine, in fact, that the astronauts had problems with it.
那非常细而且...事实上细到给宇航员造成麻烦.
Sticking to their spacesuits, getting into the equipment
粘住他们的太空服,进入他们的设备里,
and it can end up causing a bit of a problem.
并且最终导致出现一些问题.
Really big meteorites have also hit the Moon in the past.
过去也确实有大的陨石打击月球.
In fact, these massive impacts
事实上,那些大的打击
are responsible for the dark circular regions on the lunar surface.
造成了月球上暗的圆形区域.
The shapes that to many observers
许多观察者看到的形状
seem to be arranged like the eyes, nose and mouth of a human face.
象人的眼睛,鼻子和嘴巴那样排列.
They make up the illusion of the man on the moon.
这使人们对月球产生了幻象.
They blasted huge basins in the Moon surface.
那是月球表面巨大撞击的痕迹.
Some of them are 700 miles across.
有些有700英里宽.
Dark lava eventually burst through at the impact points, and flooded the basins.
在撞击的地方,黑色的火山岩喷出,充满了盆地.
Today, we call these dark regions, maria, the Latin word for seas.
今天,我们把这些暗的区域称为玛丽亚,拉丁文中对海洋的词汇.
They states back to the 17th century,
可以追溯到17世纪,
when Renaissance Era observers looked up at the Moon.
文艺复兴时期的观星者观察月球.
They speculated that the dark areas might be oceans.
他们推测那些暗区可能是海洋.
And astronomers of the time gave the many dark spots, or seas, whimsical names.
那时的天文学家给许多暗的区域或者海洋起了古里古怪的名字.
The seas are all named after effects that were once attributed to the Moon.
所有海洋被命名的结果曾经作为月球的象征.
So you have the Sea of Storms and the Sea of Crisis, and the Sea of Tranquility,
所以就有了风暴海,危机海,还有宁静海,
and so forth...
以及往前...
Some of the younger impact basins have had less time to erode,
有些年轻的撞击盆地侵蚀时间较短,
so their features are still relatively crisp.
所以它们的特性还是比较脆弱.
One in particular is called Mare Orientale, or the Eastern Sea.
一个细节是叫做东方暗区或者叫东方之海.
It's some 600 miles across, and the impact that created it,
它有600英里宽,是一次撞击产生的结果,
was so massive and direct.