宇宙（2007）

The Universe S01E14

Part 3 April 22, 2021, 8:14 p.m.

the Greeks could to observe only 5 planets
希腊只看到五个行星，
to that they named in honor to its Gods.
并以他们的神来明名。
Today more we are familiarized with the Roman denominations:
现代我们所熟悉的是罗马人的命名。
Mercury, Venus
水星Mercury, 金星Venus
Mars, Saturn and Jupiter.
火星Mars, 土星Saturn and 木星Jupiter.
Old astronomy assumed a concept of the universe
古天文学家对宇宙的认识,
proposed by the Greek philosopher of century IV a.C., Aristotle
由希腊哲学家亚里士多德公元前4世纪提出，
who imagined to the Earth in center of the Universe
他认为地球是宇宙的中心，
with a sun, moon and planets
太阳，月亮和行星们
turning elegant around her
都围绕着地球
in perfect crystalline spheres.
形成完美的球体。
The universe of Aristotle was finite, it was a great sphere
亚里士多德认为宇宙是有限的，象个大球，
it was rather like a onion.
象个葱头，有好多层的葱头。
The astronomer of the century first, Tolomeo
一世纪的天文学家Tolomeo
it contributed one improves respect to Aristotle
改进了亚里士多德的模型
when drawing up with certainty trajectory of planets
通过认真观察行星的轨迹，
those that, after all, they do not move at random
发现了行星的运动规律，
Using complex movements circular epicitios calls
可以用复杂的圆形来推导，
Tolomeo could predict its ways changing prewritings and speeds.
他可以描述运动模式和速度。
In other words, the system of Tolomeo, predicted of reliable way
也就是说能更好地
the future behavior of the planets.
预测行星的运动。
Another passage in the way of the man
这是人类了解、认识
in order to understand and to control the Universe.
宇宙旅程的又一步。
The tolom閕co system era extremely complex
Tolomeo 的模型非常复杂，
it had all these planets in knots
所有的行星都在饶圈，
but simply he was something erroneous.
能符合情况，但是错的。
The idea that you can predict something
能符合情况
it does not mean that you include/understand fundamental principles behind that.
并不能说明你的模型就是对的。
The system of Tolomeo did not reveal with certainty the Universe
他的模型没改变宇宙大的模型，
but it is not either that it tried to do it.
但他做了尝试。
It essentially demonstrated that the positions of planets
他可以给行星定位，
they could be calculated for any past or future event.
也可以算出以前和将来行星的位置。
It was a feat of the understanding of the mathematics.
这只是数学的伟大。
Interestingly
有趣的是
astronomy seemed to remain stopped by centuries after that.
这个方法竟用了几个世纪。
In fact, after the fall of Rome in the 476 of ours it was
事实上自公元476年罗马的兴起，
astronomy in fact it withdrew.
天文学就没了地盘。
Europe fragmented in powers smaller
欧洲列国支离破碎，
and great part of the wisdom Greek, it was lost.
失去了大批的希腊学者。
Thousand years later, a new theory it would confront the accepted beliefs
数千年后，一个新理论发起了挑战，
accepted on operation of skies
天体是怎样运转的？
and it would keep to the humanity a step more near the theory of Big Bang.
使人类向大爆♥炸♥理论又近了一步。
During century XV of ours it was
公元十五世纪，
a called idea heliocentrismo
日心说，
it proclaimed that it was the Sun, and not it Earth, the center of the Universe.
提出太阳，不是地球，才是宇宙的中心。
This horrified to the Christian church
天主教♥徒♥慌乱了，
who thought that contradicted the word of God.
这与上帝的国都相矛盾，
If God had created the Earth and the man to its image and similarity
如果上帝创造了地球，人是他的影子，
the Earth and its devotee inhabitants
那么地球和上帝的子民，
they had to be the center of everything.
必然是万物的中心。
Ironically, the defender of the theory of a universe whose center was the sun
讽刺的是日心说的先锋，
he was devotee di醕ono of Frombork, Poland
是波兰的宗教学者
call Nicolas Cop閞nico.
尼古拉，哥白尼.
It was the administrator of a cathedral.
他是教会的管理人员，
It worked to help to collect the rents, helped the patients
工作是收房♥租，照顾病人
but in the middle of all that astronomy worked.
闲暇他才是天文学家。
Cop閞nico felt intrigued by the complex celestial mechanics of Tolomeo.
哥白尼闹不懂Tolomeo的系统，
But it found an elegant solution
但他找了个好办法，
when the Earth of the center moved of the Solar System
把地球从宇宙的中心拿了出来，
it replaced and it with the Sun like heart of everything.
把太阳放在中心，
When Cop閞nico put to turn planets around the sun
当哥白尼让行星饶太阳转时，
it discovered that Mercury, whose transfering movement lasts 3 months
他发现水星转一圈用3 个月
immediately it was located more near the sun
最靠近太阳。
and Saturn, the slowest planet, whose hard transfering around 30 years
土星走得慢，转一圈用30年，
immediately it fell in the external end.
远远地在外边。
Cop閞nico wrote:揙f no other way we could find
哥白尼写到:没有其他办法
a so harmonious conecci髇 and so safe
可以象日心说这样，
between the size of the orbit and its period. ?
合理地解释行星的轨道和周期。
That seemed almost like magic.
真是太神奇了。
Cop閞nico also insisted that the Earth rotated
哥白尼还发现地球在自转，
that it turned completely on its axis every 24 hours
每24小时一周，
and that the skies did not move, but did we it.
不是天在动，是我们在动。
The stars that they furrowed the sky every night
星辰每晚的运动，
it was not more than an optical illusion created by the Earth rotation.
是地球旋转造成的假像。
Probably, fearing retaliation of the Church
可能怕教会报复，
Cop閞nico abstained from to publish its theory
哥白尼一直没有公布他的理论，
until it was in his I milk of death in 1543.
直到1543年，病床上他发布了他的理论。
But its book, 揙f the revolutions of the celestial spheres "
他的书‘天体运行论’
it laid the way stops Giohannes Kepler
给开普勒铺平了道路。
been born in 1571
生于1571年，约翰尼斯?开普勒
the defender of science observativa.
观察科学的先驱。
Kepler was the true hero, was he the one that proclaimed to him to the world that
开普勒真是个英雄，他站出来向世界
the Sun had to be the center.
鼓吹：太阳才是中心！
Kepler had to its disposition a treasure of astronomical data
开普勒有珍贵的天文数据，
collected during years of observation of skies.
收集于多年的观测。
When it examined its observations e it made the calculations, he realized
他整理了数据，根据计算得出，
of which the Sun not only was center of the Solar System
不只是太阳应该在中心，
but the perfect circles were only a product of the imagination.
原来认为行星轨道是圆形，也有问题。
This was not so good philosophically, but it fitted with the data.
哲学上不通，但符合数据。
Kepler improved the system of Cop閞nico
开普勒改善了哥白尼的模型，
when formulating the hypothesis that planets turned
将行星饶日运行的轨道
not in perfect circles
由圆形
but in ellipses around the sun.
改为椭圆型。
The data of Kepler also aimed to a strange phenomenon
他的模型得到一个怪现象，
against that it fought but that it did not manage to understand.
苦苦思索也未能解决。
As the planets approached to the Sun, they turned at greater speed.
当行星靠近太阳时，速度快，
While they moved away more, they slow down.
当他们远离太阳时，就慢下来。
Together, the centered Universe in the Sun
整体来说，太阳在中心，
and the variable speed of the planets
和以不同的速度运行的行星
they explained what we see here in the Earth.
能最好地解释我们在地球上看到的。
Suddenly and for the first time, the image centered in the sun
这还是第一次，日心说
it throws better predictions to us than the image centered in the Earth.
比地心说更好地做出预测。
Thus not only we are before something impelled by the data, but he is something that
拿出你的数据，
it fulfills and so one assumes that it must to make science:
科学家作出处理，
right predictions.
作出预测，真好。
While a cosmic riddle seemed to be solved, another one remained present.
一个宇宙的谜解开了，又产生了一个。
Kepler saw that the sun influenced speed of planets
开普勒发现太阳可以给行星提速，
as they traveled to traverse of the space. But how?
这是怎么会事呢？
Before somebody it would unravel east mystery
在这个问题解决之前，
the dogma and science hit
科学和教条在争辩，
in a conflict that it maintains until this day.
吵吵闹闹整日不停。
At the beginning of century XII, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei
进入17世纪，意大利天文学家伽利略
it would take the theories from Cop閞nico and Kepler
继承了哥白尼和开普勒的理论
of which the sun was center of the Solar System
太阳才是太阳系的中心。
it would prove and them without to leave place to the doubts.
提供了没有争议的证据。
It did and it with a new technology
他使用了新技术，
that it would change the course of history.
改变了历史的进程。
In a certain sense, the telescope he is most blasphemous
远镜,在某种意义上来说
sedititious, revolutionary and magnificent
是华丽的，有煽动性的，
instrument of science.
革命性的科学仪器。
All field of science received with this instrument the wonderful one
科学得到了伟大的礼物，
gift of which the distant objects they would be seen nearer.
可以把远处的物体拉近的工具。
Once the idea arose
有这个发明的出现，
from which you could take 2 lenses, to align them of a certain way
有可以找两镜片，保持一定距离
to place them in a tube and to do telescope with that
放入一个管子做成望远镜。
this idea would extend like fire of straw by everybody, did and it.
它就象暗夜的火炬。
However, the marrow no it was who invented the telescope
问题不是谁发明了望远镜，
but if you knew what to do with him.
而是怎么去用它。
You were going to use it to snoop in the other people's windows?
拿他去看别人的窗户，
or to watch the sky and to explore the Universe?
还是用它观察宇宙？