宇宙（2007）

The Universe S01E14

Part 4 April 22, 2021, 8:14 p.m.

Galileo improved the design in 1609
伽利略在1609年改进了设计
preparing its own lenses, and creating one that could increase
自己研磨镜片，做了一个
the size without precedents, up to 30 times.
空前的放大30倍的望远镜。
And with that telescope it decided to observe the sky instead of to observe
他用这个望远镜
the originating boats of republic of Venice
去看金星的位置
and what saw it changed it reaches of astronomy.
这一看完全改变了天文学的观点。
Galileo had the view of clearer and detailed sky
伽利略看到了最清晰的有细节的
that person some had had.
从来没有人看到过的天象。
Through its telescope, Galileo it saw thousands of stars
通过望远镜伽利略看到成千上万
a crater Full Moon
的繁星，充满坑的月亮，
satellites surrounding to Jupiter
木星有几个卫星，
Saturn with giant ears
土星有一对大耳朵，
and greatest of everything it is that Galileo simply
最伟大的发现当属
it saw that Venus crossed phases like our moon.
他发现金星有月相！
This was a clear evidence of which Venus orbited the sun.
充分证明金星在绕日旋转。
And it was a test of the system to pave trim in the Sun.
证实了日心说。
This demonstrated for the first time that Galileo was right
第一次证实了哥白尼是正确的。
the Earth was not the center of the Solar System, the Sun was it.
地球不是中心，太阳才是！
So Galileo with its telescope it moved away to the Earth
伽利略用望远镜把地球推出
of the center of the Universe and it said that: We are not the center don't mention it?
了宇宙的中心。“地球不是什么中心，
揃ut 閞amos planet among others
只是行星中的一员，
and that could much have a universe greater than the well-known. ?
宇宙比我们知道的大多了！”
What Galileo had assumed for aesthetic reasons
有哥白尼开了个漂亮的头儿，
and Kepler had deduced by mathematical formulas
有开普勒做了数学和测量上的推演，
It had demonstrated it to Galileo.
伽利略证实了。
It had seen it to Galileo.
伽利略看到了。
Galileo was developing.
伽利略发展了日心说！
The old ones had seen everything what it is possible to observe with the naked eye.
古人只能用肉眼观察，
In order to go beyond that it was necessary a new instrument.
确实需要新设备才能突破。
The telescope was the one that marked the point of it breaks
望远镜是个转折点，
between old and the modern ones.
分离了古今。
Centuries of ecclesiastical dogmas
数百年来教会认为
that they assured that the Earth was the center of the Universe
地球是宇宙的中心
now they were mistaken.
现在清楚地知道是错的。
With the Catholic Church still staggering
天主教正在动荡于
by sisma of the reform protestant
新教（基♥督♥教）的分离。
the discovery of Galileo seemed to undermine the writings.
伽利略的发现看起来有悖教义，
That was dangerous for a Church that one felt in state of siege
教会有遭围攻的危险。
and dangerous for the scientist who it was proposing it.
这个科学家玄了。
Nevertheless, Galileo, a devotee catholic
无论如何，天主教♥徒♥伽利略
1610年发布了他的研究于“The story Messenger”。
it published its observations in the book The Messenger of Stars in 1610.
Of surprising way
奇怪，
the Church welcomed well mannered the findings of Galileo, at the outset.
开始教会表示欢迎他的观点，
If Galileo had been a little more careful
伽利略开始对自己的观点小心翼翼，
with its approach it would be had left with hers.
无所适从。
A famous appointment of Baroni cardinal, a predecessor, was that:
红衣主教Baroni的著名语录是：
It says us to the Bible like going to the sky, not how the sky works "
“圣经是教我们如何进天堂的，不是教我们天是如何运转的。”
But in the end, the fall of Galileo it was not due to its incapacity
最终伽利略的失势不是
in order to do that the Church it would accept its way to think
他没有能力表达他的想法，
but rather its attempts of to interpret the writings
也不是他解释的不清楚，
by itself, independent of the Church.
而是于教会的对立。
I must mention famous San Agust韓
伽利略崇拜的St Augustin
that it said:If you find one interpretation of Scriptures
曾说过：“如果你的发现
that it contradicts knowledge already established
与圣经相矛盾，
then you must reconsider that interpretation ".
那你就需要再研究一下圣经。”
But the Church, worried and so it perceived as threats
教会虽同意考虑
to its own one to be able
自我解读圣经，
it could not accept the interpretation Biblical of Galileo.
但不同意给伽利略解读圣经。
1633年，在伽利略出版了一部新书
In 1633, after Galileo it would publish a new book
defending the system trim in the Sun
[日心学的先锋]之后，
the Pope called a to face judgment by heresy.
教皇以异教为由对他审判，
It was forced to resign to its copernicanas ideas
强迫他放弃日心论。
what apparently it did kneeling down in front of the court.
很明显他屈服了。
In spite of its confession, Galileo continued in silence become attached to its beliefs
尽管他屈服了,他仍悄悄持守他的信仰，
while it spent its last years under house arrest
在软禁下度过晚年，
in a town in the outskirts of Florence.
于锡耶纳，佛罗伦萨城外。
Galileo is the first modern scientist, in the sense that
伽利略是第一个现代科学家，
it realised actively observations with the telescope
他引入了望远镜做观察。
and it proposed consistent theories through its telescope
他引入了望远镜证实理论。
and one dared to challenge the Orthodoxy of the time.
他大胆，大胆挑战教条。
Shortly before its death in 16♥4♥2
随后在16♥4♥2年他死之前，
Galileo inadvertently encountered a key for the riddle of Kepler
伽利略不小心发现了开普勒之谜的线索，
about the strange influence of Sun in the planetary movements.
有关太阳给行星提速的问题。
One went nails to that future generations
这个线索会帮助下一代
they would aim at the theory of Big Bang.
推导出大保障理论。
The last published work by Galileo
伽利略最后的著作：
it tried on the properties of the bodies in fall.
有关下落物体的性质的对话。
What noticed is that they were accelerated to same rate
他注意到下落物体的加速
without concerning which its mass outside.
于质量无关。
But he would be necessary other genius so that
但是需要另一个天才
it would fit these two pieces of the puzzle
把这两者连接起来，
in a theory of the gravity.
万有引力理论。
Isaac Newton, born in 16♥4♥3
牛顿, 生于16♥4♥3年，
it explained the mechanism by means of which the planets moved.
他解释了行星运动的机理。
And not only how the planets moved, but how everything moved. Of planets
不只是行星运动的机理，是万物运动的机理，从行星
to apples.
到苹果。
Newton had an impressive intellect. It was impressive what did.
牛顿有超然的智力，作出了惊人的事迹。
Its moment in the history of science was an important turn
他使科学史上绽放出了
according to which the power of the mathematics
数学的魅力，
it really acquired importance.
进入了物理宇宙时代。
He was the one that laid the way to the use of the mathematics
他给我们指明了用数学
for the understanding of the Universe, demonstrating that for some reason
解释宇宙，告诉我们
the mathematics are the language of the cosmos.
宇宙可以用数学来推导。
Kepler observed through these data, that the Sun
开普勒通过他的数据认为
it acted like a giant magnet.
太阳象一个大磁铁。
The planets could also to be like magnets?
那么行星是否也是磁铁呢？
Galileo formulated theories about acceleration of the bodies in fall
伽利略理论里的下落物体的速度
and account of which occurred without concerning the mass
与质量无关，
the objects in fall always they maintained the same rate.
总是速度相同。
But years later, Newton had something that to add to Kepler and Galileo.
数年后，牛顿在二人的基础有了发展。
The shrewdness of Newton, was to join
牛顿的伟大之处是
to Galileo and Kepler and to realize which
把开普勒和伽利略的理论合并，
what does that the projectiles they move and they fall on the Earth
认为导致物体下落的，
it is just like it makes that planets they turn around the Sun in the sky.
和导致行星围绕太阳旋转的机理一样。
In a sense, the planets they fall towards the Sun
就是说行星是落向太阳，
in the same way like the bodies of Galileo they fall towards the Earth.
就象伽利略的物体落向地球一样。
The center of all this is the gravity
秘密是引力，
that strange action to certain distance that it maintains everything united.
神秘地把遥远的物体吸引在一起。
Newton not only observed the gravity, but it wrote up that it like an equation
牛顿不只发现了引力，还给出了可证明的公式，
showing that gravity was the energy
显示引力是能量，
the fastening that it prevented that objects like the Earth and the planets
可以吸引象行星和地球似的物体，
they would fly of head in the interstellar space.
从只有一头高到遥远的太空。
The gravity, the attractive force that it affects all the matter of the Universe
引力作用于宇宙间的一切物体，
it issues the order to him the same.
使其遵循宇宙的规律。
And the gravity is described by the science of the Physics.
引力是物理学的现象。
Newton created the physics.
牛顿创立了物理学。
She was the person who by first time saw the fundamental laws
他是第一个基于观察，发现基本定理的人，
underneath all these observations.
The laws of Newton they explained everything almost.
牛顿的定律几乎解释了万物。
Newton postulated the laws of the movement, the universal laws of the gravity.
牛顿运动定律，万有引力定律。
He initiated a new one was scientist
他开辟了新的科学领域。
using its observations and the mathematics
用观测和数学，
in order to describe the laws of the nature.
来解释自然的规律。
It could in fact demonstrate that rate a the one that an apple fell to the Earth
他可以显示苹果掉到地上，
directly a was related how the Moon fell
和月亮围绕地球旋转
around the Earth.
是相关的。
Because it understood that same laws
因为他知道同一个定律
that they took the movement of the planets around the Sun
使行星围绕着太阳，
they took the movement of the Moon around the Earth.
使月亮围绕着地球。
The great book of Newton, The principles?
牛顿的著作，“原理”
it revealed that the tides, the speed of orbitantes planets