宇宙（2007）

The Universe S01E01

Part 4 April 22, 2021, 8:09 p.m.

charging up the upper atmosphere.
电离上部的大气.
Solar storm would even bend and break the magnetic field lines
太阳风暴甚至会弯曲和打破磁力线
on the far side of the earth,
在地球的远方,
allowing charged particles to zip back down the field lines
让带电粒子沿着磁力线落进
toward the north and south poles.
北极和南极.
Extremely powerful storms distort the magnetic field
非常强大的风暴会扭曲磁场,
even futher, inducing electric currents
进一步甚至误导跨越
that span a continent.
大♥陆♥的电流.
When this happens technology like long-distance powerlines
当这发生时,象长途输电这样的技术
can become overloaded.
会出现超载.
Because damaged the trasformers at either end of the line.
这是因为破坏了线路两端的变压器.
In fact, in 1989
事实上,在1989年,
most of the canadian provinces
加拿大大部分的省份
go back blacked-out because a transformer was blown out
回到了灯火管制年代,那是因为变压器
by a solar vent.
被一次太阳发怒吹坏了.
If we have that storm and hits our
如果我们被那个风暴打中
communication system and hits our
通讯系统,打中
our companies and all these things that we depend on
我们的公♥司♥和所有我们依赖的东西,
there is all kind of chaos that can lay out there.
那就会产生各种各样的混乱.
If power operators have time to react,
假如电力操作人员有时间去对付,
thay can reduce the current
就能够减少电流
being sent over their wires
送上电线,
and avert disaster.
转移灾难.
Satellite operators can also
人造卫星操作员也能够
prepare for the onslaught
随着正确的警告,
with proper warning.
准备对付冲击.
When there's a big space storm coming,
当一个大的太空风暴来临时,
we'll actually put some of the satellite to sleep,
我们实际上会让一些卫星进入睡眠状态,
so that the storm
所以风暴
doesn't cause an electrical short
不会引起电路短路,
or otherwise somehow knock out the satellite.
或者用其它方式淘汰掉卫星.
So the more warning time they have, the better.
所以预警时间越长越好.
We wouldn't go sailing
我们不会去航行,
unless we knew what the weather is going to be.
除非我们知道会是什么样的天气.
Similarly when we have a large system
同样的,我们有一个大的系统,
like a power system or a telephone grid that can be effected
象电力系统或电♥话♥网络,会被
by the weather and space,
天气和太空影响,
we need to know what the weather is going to be
就需要了解天气会是怎样的,
so that we can try to mitigate it.
这样我们能够试着减轻它的影响.
Solar storms can also disrupt high frequency radiocommunications
太阳风暴同样也会使用于航♥天♥器的
used by aircraft.
高频无线通讯中断.
1980年,
In the 1980's
Airforce One was transporting president Reagan on a trip to China
空军一号♥送里根总统出访中国,
when a solar storm struck.
就被太阳风暴击中过.
All communications were lost
所有的通讯丧失了
for several hours,
几个小时,
effectively severing the head of
事实上造成了
the United States government.
美国政♥府♥群龙无首.
The urgency is just like a worse weather.
这种紧急情况就象碰到坏天气.
One we have a tornado warning
一方面,我们得到龙♥卷♥风♥警报,
we know the order is to get that out to the public
知道要告知公众,
to let the people know that this is happening.
让公众知道那是个意外.
The same thing is with space weather.
太空气象是同样的情况.
Uses of this information
利用这个信息
need to know what do they need to know and now.
让大家了解现在什么是他们需要了解的.
A just few hours back we experience a coronal mass ejection.
几个小时后,我们将经历一次日冕物质抛射.
We wanna see what this blast
我们希望看到这个耀斑
is going out in,
出去了,
and then we can measure then and see
接着就可以测量它以及
how long it may take from that to reach the Earth from the sun.
看它从太阳到地球要多长时间.
We're seeing a very huge explosion
我们看到抛出的物质
of material that's coming out
非常巨大的爆发,
and if you look at this small image here,
如果你看这个小的图象,
here's the sun is covered up, and look at the mass that's been thrown out in the space.
这里的太阳被遮住了,看那物质被抛进了太空.
So it's huge, very huge.
很大,非常大.
Because magnetic field lines emanate from the North and South Poles
因为磁力线从北极和南极流出,
energy from solar storms has easy access to those regions.
来自太阳风暴的能量轻易地靠近这些区域.
For that reason, experts worry that airplane passengers
出于这个原因，专家担心飞机上的乘客
flying over the Poles during a powerful storm,
在强大的风暴爆发期间飞越两极,
might be exposed to armful levels of radiation,
可能会暴露在辐射中,
perhaps are those equal to a hundred chest x-rays.
也许相当于100次X光胸透.
It's not something that we want to mess around with, because we never know
这不是我们想要管的乱七八糟的事,因为永远不知道
when that radiation might all of a sudden become
当那辐射可能突然变得
a lot more intense while there's an airplane in the sky.
更加激烈,而此时天上正好有飞机飞行.
The threat from solar radiation is just one more reason
来自太阳辐射的威胁只是多了一个理由
scientists keep a close watch on our sun.
让科学家密切关注太阳.
It matters, especially in modern times, what the sun is doing. Earth is not an island.
太阳的活动,特别是在当代,事关紧要.地球不是安全岛.
We are partecipant in the activities of the solar system.
我们是太阳系活动的参与者.
Sunspots are the triggers for more severe solar storms, so forecasters track them carefully,
太阳黑子会引发更剧烈的太阳风暴,所以预报员小心地跟踪它,
as they rotate across the surface of the sun.
在它们越过太阳表面时.
Location, location, location. We see CMEs all the time from the sun.
地点,地点,地点.我们全过程地看到来自太阳的日冕物质抛射.
A lot of them are as the center is rotated around from the backside of the sun.
在中心旋转时,大量的物质抛射从太阳的背后转出来.
That would not be face towards the Earth, so that would be less of a concern.
由于不会面对地球,所以很少关注.
As the sun rotates around and that active region gets more into the center of the disk,
随着太阳的旋转,那个活动的区域逐渐靠近中心,
looking at us, then that's when we'll be concern with.
对我们来说,那是我们要关注的.
From the center of the sun, as it rotates around, as the kill zone.
随着它的自转,太阳的中心如同杀伤区.
As the sunspot rotates around and begin to face directly the Earth,
随着黑子旋转,开始直接面对地球,
that's when we really have to worry about a storm.
此时我们开始被风暴困扰了.
If a big storm leaves off then,
如果此时风暴停止,
it can aim directly at Earth, and the full force of the storm slams into the planet.
回直接瞄准地球,风暴的全部的影响力会冲击地球.
It's like a shotgun aiming at the target.
就象猎枪瞄准靶子.
The more dead on the shot,
射击造成许多死亡,
the more likely serious damage would be inflicted.
将可能会造成严重的损害.
With great danger also comes astonishing beauty.
巨大的威胁还来自惊人的美景.
Solar storms generate majestic planetary lightshows.
太阳风暴会产生宏伟的行星的光表演.
The shimmering courtains of color, called the Aurora.
五彩缤纷的微光幕帘叫做极光.
Auroras work like neon signs, on an enormous scale.
极光就象霓虹灯活动在巨大的空中.
In a neon sign, electricity introduces charged particles into a gus filled tube.
在霓虹灯里,电流引导带电粒子进入充满气体的管子.
The particles in the gas are excited and start to glow.
气体里的粒子跳跃起来,开始发光.
If the tube has only neon inside, it will glow red.
如果管子里只有氖气,就发红光.
By adding other gases, like argon, a whole range of colors can be produced.
放进其它气体,如氩,就会产生一系列的颜色.
The neon sign is driven by the electric field inside the tube,
霓虹灯是靠管子里的电流驱动的,
whereas the Auroras is actually driven by the magnetic field and energy from the sun.
而极光的驱动是靠磁场和来自太阳的能量.
As the energetic particles in a solar storm
由于太阳风暴里活跃的粒子
stream along Earth's magnetic field towards the Poles,
沿着地球的磁场流入两极,
the excite elements in our atmosphere, causing them to glow.
激发大气里的元素,使其发光.
Oxygen molecules emit a green or red color.
氧分子发出绿或红色.
And nytrogen emits pinks, blues and violets.
氮分子发出粉色,兰色和紫色.
While these ghostly lights are usually confined to the Poles,
虽然这些恐怖的光通常被限定在两极,
extremely strong solar storms can drive them closer to the Equator.
极端强烈的太阳风暴也会驱使它们靠近赤道.
1859年,一个巨大的太阳耀斑引发的磁暴
In 1859 a geomagnetic storm ignited by a huge solar flair
created Auroras as far south as Rome.
在远在罗马这样的南方制♥造♥了极光.
1859年的风暴是一个罕见的大事件,
The 1859 storm was an unusually powerful event
that some have called "the perfect solar storm".
被称为"完美太阳风暴".
1859年的风暴告诉了我们一点太阳可能会造成的情况.
The 1859 storm told us a little something about what the sun can do.
The storm was so intense and the alignment was so perfect,
风暴是如此的激烈,组合是如此的完美,
that it simply overwhelmed Earth's natural difenses.
地球的天然屏障简直不堪一击.
A huge solar flair erupts on the surface of the sun.
一个巨大的太阳耀斑在太阳上喷发.
Less than a day later and 93 million miles away,
不到一天,9300万英里的路程,
the wires the carries communications across the Earth, begin to spark.
横跨地球的通讯线缆开始爆出火花.
Business grinds to a whole world wide as wild fires are ignited by the small lights.
当野火被小小的闪光点燃时,折磨着全世界.
At the same time, colorful Auroras light up the skies of cities around the globe.
在同一时刻,五颜六色的极光照亮了遍布全球的城市.
Earth has just been visited by the perfect solar storm.
地球正好被完美太阳风暴造访.
The sun kicked up this just incredible solar flair
太阳激起这难以置信的耀斑,
and a massive amount of energy headed towards Earth.
大量能量冲向地球.
Not only was this storm one of the 2 most powerul on record.
这个风暴不仅是两个有记录的最大的一个,
It was also one of the fastest.
而且还是最快的一个.
Ejecting from a sunspot and directly at Earth,
黑子的喷射很快到达地球,
it would race from the sun to our planet in less than 18 hours.
它快速地从太阳到地球还不到18小时.
Now, it takes a really fast rocketship, years to get to the sun.
现在,用最快的宇宙飞船,到太阳也要化几年工夫.