转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E08

Part 3 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

只有弱者才会挨打
Only the weak get beaten.
（1968年）
（《盾与剑》）
据弗拉基米尔·普♥京♥讲述
The story, as told by Vladimir Putin,
在他的成长过程中
is that he grew up watching
观看过各种二战时期的电影和电视节目
the kind of World War II movies and television shows
都是歌♥颂秘密机构角色的
that glorified the role of the secret services.
有一部名叫《盾与剑》的电影
One in particular that captured his attention,
尤其引起了他的关注
called The Sword and the Shield.
他说这部电影让他想快点长大
And he has said that it made him essentially want to grow up
成为一名克格勃的特工
and to become an agent himself in the KGB.
他最终真的加入克格勃了
And he ultimately did join the KGB.
弗拉基米尔·普♥京♥ 并不是什么有胆量的秘密特工
Vladimir Putin was not some daring secret agent
他只是一名反间谍专员
as much as he was a counterintelligence officer,
也就是说他的任务是寻找来自内部的背叛
and that means that he was looking for betrayal from within.
他在调查克格勃的内部
He was looking inside the ranks of the KGB
试图确保每个人都是忠诚的
and trying to make sure that everyone was loyal.
克格勃从来就不是一个遵纪守法的组织
The KGB was never a law-abiding organization.
这个组织一直遵循着黑♥手♥党♥的原则
It was always an organization that lived according to Mafia principles.
克格勃对驻莫斯科的美国外交官使用过一些手段
The KGB used tricks against American diplomats in Moscow,
其中不乏一些肮脏的手段
including, uh, very nasty things.
你懂的甚至是下毒
You know, even some sort of, uh, poisoning.
不是想杀人只是想让人陷入尴尬的境地
Not to kill, but to put in an awkward position.
苏联时期普♥京♥在克格勃的职业生涯相对平淡
Putin had what would be a relatively lackluster career in the Soviet-era KGB.
他并没有被晋升为克格勃的高级官员
He didn't rise to be a top general in the KGB.
他并没有被晋升为克格勃在西方某地
He didn't rise to have one of its premier foreign postings in the West
秘密驻外机构的负责人
somewhere, uh, undercover.
相反他最终来到了东德的德累斯顿一个相对落后的地方
He ends up instead in a relative backwater in Dresden, in East Germany.
（东德德累斯顿）
他跟东德秘密警♥察♥史塔西合作
He's working with the Stasi, the East German secret police.
而他周围的国家
And the country around him,
苏联集团长久以来的那些主要组成部分正在脱离苏联
which has been the leading part of the Soviet Bloc, is unraveling.
（柏林墙倒塌 1989年11月9日）
你们的政♥府♥似乎一时一变
Your government seems to be changing every day.
你觉得事情会如何发展?
Where do you think it's going?
那是政♥府♥的问题不是我的
That's the government's problem, not mine.
对普♥京♥来说这是一场可怕的灾难
For Putin, this was a terrible catastrophe.
他所效忠和相信的苏维埃帝国即将走向灭亡
It was the end of the Soviet Empire that he had served and believed in.
（史塔西总部东柏林）
此时的普♥京♥已经30多岁了还只是克格勃的中层
So Putin at this point is in his 30s. He's a mid-level KGB officer.
莫斯科没有对东德的崩溃做出激烈回应
And he's horrified that Moscow is not responding violently
让他感到十分震惊
to the collapse of East Germany.
尤其是当危机找上门来时
In particular, when the crisis comes to his door.
（德累斯顿史塔西总部 1989年12月5日）
和平抗♥议♥者占领了东德秘密警♥察♥
Peaceful protesters occupy the headquarters of the Stasi,
史塔西的总部
which is the East German secret police.
普♥京♥在德累斯顿的克格勃前哨站
Putin is in the KGB outpost in Dresden,
就在德累斯顿史塔西总部的拐角处
which is around the corner from Dresden Stasi headquarters,
因为他们一直是合作关系
since they work together.
一些占领史塔西总部的抗♥议♥者说
Some of these protesters who are occupying the Stasi headquarters
"我们去克格勃前哨站吧我们去接手那里吧"
say, "Let's go over to the KGB outpost. Let's go take that over."
于是他们就去克格勃前哨站了普♥京♥是当日值班的高级军官
So they go over to the KGB outpost where Putin is the senior officer on duty.
普♥京♥对此并不以为然
And Putin is not amused.
在《第一人》一书中
And in the book First Person,
他清楚记得同事们打电♥话♥回莫斯科询问
he remembers colleagues calling Moscow for directions.
"我们该怎么办? "
"What should we do?"
回答是："莫斯科选择沉默"
And the phrase was, "Moscow was silent."
换句话说莫斯科已经放弃东德了
In other words, Moscow had written off East Germany.
而这激怒了普♥京♥
And this enraged Putin.
中♥央♥政♥权♥已经崩溃了
Central power had collapsed.
在他看来荣耀已经被放弃了
And greatness, in his view, had been relinquished.
所有这些事件激起了他心中强烈的愤懑
All these events have inspired intense bitterness in him.
屈辱
Humiliation.
这可是打败过纳粹的伟大国家
This is the great country that defeated the Nazis.
如何强调这一点的重要性都不过分
It's hard to overestimate how important that is.
打败纳粹是俄♥罗♥斯♥自我认同的基础
What a foundation to Russian self-identity the defeat of the Nazis is.
所以不得不以这种方式从德国撤退对普♥京♥来说太糟糕了
And so to have to retreat in such a way from Germany was just, for Putin, awful.
我想他对自己在德国的岁月十分震撼
He was shocked, I think, by his years in Germany.
他发现即使在东德
He saw that even in East Germany,
人们的生活水平
there was a much higher standard of living
也比在俄♥罗♥斯♥国内要高得多
than there was inside Russia itself.
根据他的描述我想事实上
He describes returning, in fact, to Russia with, I think,
他回俄♥罗♥斯♥时车上绑着一台洗衣机
a washing machine, you know, strapped to his car.
然后他决定把自己的命运托付给
Then he basically decides to throw his lot in with his old law professor
自己在列♥宁♥格勒大学的老法学教授阿纳托利·索布恰克
at the University of Leningrad, Anatoly Sobchak,
他是圣彼得堡的第一位民选市长
who was the first democratically-elected mayor
当时那座城市已经不叫列♥宁♥格勒了
of what was then going to be St. Petersburg and no longer Leningrad.
（圣彼得堡）
当时的圣彼得堡就像20世纪30年代的芝加哥
And back then, St. Petersburg was like Chicago in the 1930s.
甚至有一种固定说法
There is even a set phrase.
（圣彼得堡马雷舍夫帮头目）
（圣彼得堡坦波夫帮头目）
说这里是"黑帮的彼得堡"
"Gangster's Petersburg."
他随即接触到一些背景非常不光彩的人
He immediately went into contact with people with a very shady background.
一些犯罪集团
With criminal groups.
他是市长的人负责解决这类的问题
And he was the mayor's man to fix these kinds of problems
跟这些人谈话
and to talk to these people,
确保市长的安全以及完成一些不正当的交易
and to make sure that the mayor was safe, and some shady deals were done.
索布恰克连任市长失败
Sobchak loses his reelection as mayor for a second term.
然后普♥京♥又要寻找下一份工作了
Putin is then again looking for another job.
1990年代末
And Putin is brought to Moscow
普♥京♥被带到莫斯科担任了一系列职务
for now a succession of jobs in the late '90s.
他成了克里姆林宫房♥地♥产♥部门的负责人
He becomes the head of the Kremlin's properties division,
如果你想接触腐♥败♥ 这是一个绝佳的职位
which is a fantastic place to be if you want to have access to corruption.
由克里姆林宫掌管的旧体制下的所有特权
All the perks of the old system that are run by the Kremlin,
都由他说了算
he's in charge of them.
所有事都要听他处置从乡间宅第度假屋
The disposition of everything from dachas, vacation homes,
到克里姆林宫的医院和学校
to places in Kremlin hospitals and schools,
再到克里姆林宫经营的汽车租赁和船只租赁
leases on cars that are run by the Kremlin and boats.
这让他拥有了一些权力
And that gave him some powers.
这也是他国内职业生涯的开端
And that was his start of his national career.
从那以后他很快就成为了
After that, it was a very quick way to become, uh, the new head
俄♥罗♥斯♥联邦安♥全♥局♥的新任局长
of the Russian Security Service, FSB.
那里是克格勃的后继机构
Which is the successor agency to the KGB.
突然间这位籍籍无名的克格勃小伙成了安全方面的负责人
Suddenly this not very distinguished KGB guy's the head of the whole thing.
所有这一切都发生得太快了
And all this is happening fairly rapidly.
（1999年8月）
1999年人们认为鲍里斯·叶利钦并没有完全
In 1999, Boris Yeltsin is not seen as being fully in control
掌控自己的政♥府♥
of his own government.
人们非常担心叶利钦和他的亲信
And there are enormous concerns that Yeltsin and those close to him
可能会面临俄♥罗♥斯♥未来总统的腐♥败♥指控
might actually face corruption charges from a future president of Russia.
因此他们不仅在拼命寻找俄♥罗♥斯♥的继任者
So they are desperately looking not just for a successor for Russia,
还在拼命寻求保护
but they're looking to protect themselves.
叶利钦身边的人尤其是他的女儿说
The people around Yeltsin, especially his daughter,
"你需要像普♥京♥这样的人"
say, "You need someone like Putin."
现在我决定提名一个人...
And now, I have decided to name a man,
（1999年8月16日）
...据我观察
who, in my opinion,
他有能力团结整个社会
is capable of uniting society.
决议已下
The decision has been made.
弗拉基米尔·弗拉基米罗维奇
Vladimir Vladimirovich,
我们祝贺你被任命为总理
we congratulate you on your appointment as prime minister.
叶利钦在任命弗拉基米尔·普♥京♥为总理时
Yeltsin tells a senior American diplomat
对一位美国高级外交官说："这次不一样
when he appoints Vladimir Putin as prime minister, "This one's different."
我甚至可以想象他作为我未来继承人的样子"
"I can even envision him as a future successor to me."
就这样他在短到惊人的时间内
And so he rises in this incredibly short period of time
从俄♥罗♥斯♥联邦安♥全♥局♥局长荣升为俄♥罗♥斯♥总理了
from FSB director to prime minister of Russia.
有一点很明确就是在叶利钦卸任后
And what's made clear at a certain point, is that after Yeltsin leaves,
普♥京♥不会对叶利钦家族采取行动
Putin would not act on the Yeltsin family.
不会有人被捕
There'd be no arrests.
他们可以荣华富贵地度过一生不受任何影响
They would be allowed to live out their lives in wealth, and untouched.
他在八月被任命为总理
He was appointed prime minister in August,
九月莫斯科就发生了一系列恐怖袭击
and in September, there was a series of terror attacks, uh, in Moscow.
（莫斯科）
我妈妈是一位受过良好教育的漂亮女性
My mom was a very well-educated, beautiful woman.
她想给我们更好的未来
She wanted to give us better future.