转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E06

Part 2 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

In 1978, the Cardinal of Kraków,
卡罗尔·沃伊蒂瓦当选为教皇约翰·保罗二世
Karol Wojtyla, is elected Pope John Paul II.
波兰教皇
The Polish pope.
这是闻所未闻的
Unheard of.
以前从没发生过这种事
Never happened before.
教皇都是意大利人或法国人
Popes are Italian or French.
波兰人♥民♥最重要的事实是这样的
One overriding fact about the Polish people is this.
在一个拥有3500万人口的国家
In a nation of 35 million,
有3000万人是的
30 million, yes, 30 million,
坚定信仰罗马天主教会
believe in and adhere to the Roman Catholic Church.
而共♥产♥主义社会是反教会的
This in a communist society that, on paper, is anti-Church.
当教皇来到波兰
When the pope comes to Poland,
数百万人涌上街头
millions of people are thronging the streets,
教皇带给他们希望的信息
and the pope gives them a message of hope.
（贾斯纳·戈拉修道院波兰琴斯托霍瓦）
当波兰教皇来到这里参拜时
When the Polish pope comes to pay homage here,
没有人怀疑他在挑战官方
no one doubts that he is challenging the official wisdom
对于国家性质的看法
about his country's character.
教皇没有说："打倒老大哥"
The pope didn't say, "Down with Big Brother."
他不用那样说
He didn't have to.
感觉就像这个共♥产♥主义国家消失了十天
It's as if the communist state has ceased to exist for ten days.
大批民众涌上街头
Vast crowds turn out.
弥撒祷告唱诵圣诗上帝保佑波兰
Mass prayers, hymns. God save Poland.
这为1980年8月罢♥工♥浪潮奠定了基础
That prepares the ground for the wave of strikes in August 1980.
（列♥宁♥造船厂波兰格丹斯克 1980年）
在波兰一群非常勇敢的人
An extraordinarily brave group of people in Poland
组成了一个名为"团结工会"的组织
formed a group known as Solidarity.
团结工会最初是一个工会组织一项工会运动
Solidarity began as a labor union, as a trade union movement,
旨在于格丹斯克造船厂
seeking better wages and working conditions
寻求更好的工资和工作条件
in the dockyards of Gdańsk.
团结工会的领导人是一个叫莱赫·瓦莱萨的人
And Solidarity's leader is a man named Lech Walesa.
莱赫·瓦莱萨是一个朴实的造船厂工人工会领袖
Lech Walesa is a very earthy shipyard worker, trade union leader.
大胡子性格非常直率
Big, bristling mustache. Very bluff personality.
我想大家已经听说我们目前的情况了
I think you have heard the situation we are currently in,
那就是...
that is...
政♥府♥及我方各六名专家
experts, that is the two sixes, the government along with ours,
进行了辩论也就是说他们已经
they debate, that is, they already agree
在第三点和第四点问题上达成一致了
on specific things in the third and fourth points.
他天生有着难以置信的政♥治♥本能
And he has an incredible natural political instinct.
据报道在共♥产♥主义波兰大约140个不同行业和工厂的
A reported 100,000 workers in some 140 different industries and factories
十万名工人正在罢♥工♥
are now on strike in communist Poland.
他们想要更多的工资和更多的自♥由♥
They want more money and more freedom,
爱德华·盖莱克对这两点要求...
two items the government of communist party chief Edward Gierek
（爱德华·盖莱克波兰共♥产♥党领袖 1970-1980）
...恐怕很难答应
will be hard-pressed to grant.
共♥产♥主义政♥权♥屈服了
The communist regime caves in
认可了自1917年以来
and concedes something that has never been conceded
整个共♥产♥主义世界历史上从未有过的事情
in the entire history of the communist world since 1917,
那就是一个独♥立♥自治的工会
which is an independent self-governing trades union.
团结工会
Solidarity.
这演变成一场千万人规模的反对运动
And this becomes a ten-million-strong opposition movement.
民族解放运动
A national liberation movement.
当时人们非常担心
There was a very real concern
苏联会入侵波兰
that the Soviets were going to invade Poland
因为团结工会
because of Solidarity
以及他们认为波兰的行动不够强硬的看法
and their view that the Poles had not acted strongly enough.
（1981年12月13日）
1981年12月13日
On the 13th of December, 1981,
波兰人一觉醒来看到电视上表情严肃的沃伊切赫·雅鲁泽尔斯基
the Poles woke up to a grim-faced General Wojciech Jaruzelski on television
说波兰处于无政♥府♥状态这并非属实
saying the situation in the country was anarchy, which wasn't true.
事态变得如此严重他不得不宣布进入战争状态
It had become so dramatic that he had to declare a state of war.
波兰人向窗外望去街上停着坦克
Poles look out of the window, and there were tanks on the streets.
但那是波兰的坦克
But they're Polish tanks.
苏联对雅鲁泽尔斯基施加巨大的压力要求他进行镇♥压♥
There had been enormous Soviet pressure on Jaruzelski to crack down.
共♥产♥党当局突袭了团结工会全国领导人的一次会议
Communist authorities raid a conference of Solidarity's national leaders.
整个主席团都在酒店被捕
The entire presidium is arrested in its hotel.
有很多人被杀
There were a number of people who were killed,
尤其是在煤矿里
particularly in the coal mines.
但更多的人我的大多数朋友都被关进拘留营了
But a lot more people, most of my friends, were put into internment camps.
通过实施戒♥严♥令雅鲁泽尔斯基避免了苏联的入侵
By imposing martial law, Jaruzelski avoided a Soviet invasion.
但他最终还是颁布了戒♥严♥令
But he ended up with martial law anyway.
团结工会作为一个地下组织得以幸存
Solidarity survives as an underground organization.
西方国家提供了非常重要的财政支持
There was very significant financial support from the West,
教皇约翰·保罗二世同样加以鼓励他说这是一个好主意
encouraged by Pope John Paul II, by the way, who said that was a good idea.
基本上有三个非常不同的机构
You basically had three very different institutions
致力于支持团结工会
committed to supporting Solidarity.
一个是美国的中♥央♥情报局
One was CIA in the United States.
第二个是美国劳工运动
The second was the AFL-CIO, the American labor movement.
第三个是教皇
And the third was the pope.
我们一直觉得教皇可能掌握波兰境内情况的最佳情报
And we always felt that the pope probably had the best intelligence of anybody
因为他在每个教堂都有眼线
on what was going on inside Poland because he had agents in every church.
三个机构从来没有直接的合作
There was never direct cooperation among those three,
但在最高层有联♥系♥
but there were contacts at the very top.
我们差不多都知道团结工会在做什么
We kind of all knew what we were doing with Solidarity,
所以我们不会产生冲突
so we didn't get crossways with each other.
（中♥央♥情报局总部弗吉尼亚州兰利）
中♥央♥情报局开始了一项小规模的行动
The CIA began a modest operation
向团结工会的地下领导人
to give the underground leaders of Solidarity
提供他们取胜所需的武器
the weapons that they needed to win.
那就是新闻自♥由♥的工具
And they were the tools of a free press.
我们为团结工会提供了很多通讯设备
We provided a lot of communications equipment,
很多印刷机诸如此类的东西
a lot of printing presses, things like that for Solidarity.
中♥央♥情报局开♥发♥了一种机器基本上可以装进一个大手提箱里
The CIA developed the capability, that basically fit into a large suitcase,
能让我们控制波兰国家电视系统
that allowed us to take control of the Polish national television system
大约十分钟
for about ten minutes,
我们广播了教皇的行程
and which we broadcast the itinerary
以及教皇会出现的地点和时间
and where the pope was gonna be and when.
结果有数百万人前往了
And millions of people turned out.
是的我们接管了电视信♥号♥♥
Yeah, we just took over the signal.
这对人们产生了激励作用
This had a galvanizing effect on people.
我们必胜!
We will win! We will win! We will win!
这并不意味着中♥央♥情报局
This does not mean in any way, shape, or form
以任何方式或形式操纵了团结工会
that the CIA pulled the strings of Solidarity.
完全没有
Nothing of the kind.
团结工会制定了自己的战略但确实有经济支持
Solidarity made its own strategy, but there was economic support.
（1989年6月4日）
渐渐地团结工会与共♥产♥主义政♥府♥回到了谈判桌前
Gradually, Solidarity and the communist government come back to negotiations.
（1989年波兰立法选举）
这导致了1989年6月4日东欧40年来
Which leads to the first semi-free election in Eastern Europe in 40 years
第一次半自♥由♥选举
on the 4th of June, 1989.
波兰选民抓住了这次机会
Polish voters have seized the opportunity
通过投票箱对他们认为在过去40年里
to pass judgment through the ballot box on the apparatus which they say
辜负了波兰的机构做出评判
has failed Poland in the past 40 years.
波兰政♥府♥极力试图摧毁团结工会
The Polish government tried very hard to destroy Solidarity,
但团结工会活下来了并取得了胜利
but it lived, and it prevailed.
（团结工会在波兰赢得压倒性胜利）
1989年6月4日晚上我们在波兰欢欣鼓舞
We were euphoric in Poland on the evening of the 4th of June, 1989.
我们想："就是这样就是现在了"
We thought, "This is it. This is the moment."
我们终于胜利了
We finally got that.
这是共♥产♥主义终结的开始
It's the beginning of the end of communism.
那天晚上我回到华沙的一家报社
I come back to a newspaper office in Warsaw that evening,
在一个小小的黑白电视屏幕上
and I see on a small black-and-white TV screen
我看到了北♥京♥天♥安♥门♥广场附近
the first footage of the people being killed
人们被杀害的第一段镜头
just off Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
（波兰）
在天♥安♥门♥广场中国共♥产♥党
Tiananmen Square is where you have the Chinese Communist Party
使用暴♥力♥来保卫自己
using violence to defend itself.
当时是邓♥小♥平♥时代
This is the Deng Xiaoping era.
1978年邓♥小♥平♥掌权时
When Deng took over in '78,
中国可能是东亚最贫穷的国家
China probably was the poorest country in East Asia.
邓说："市场经济行得通
And Deng said, "Market economy works."
进行改革开放把外国投资者引进来
"Open things up. Bring foreign investors in here."
派人去海外吧"
"Let's send our people overseas."
向西方开放向世界开放
Opening up to the West, opening up to the world.
（1984年）
早晨八点半北♥京♥西单百货商场的人群