转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E01

Part 4 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

没有人真正知道它是如何运作的
nobody really quite knew how this would work.
很明显在军事应用前必须进行测试
It was clear that they had to test it before they used it in the military.
为了测试炸♥弹♥ 必须找到一个偏远的地方
In order to, uh, test the bomb, you had to find a place that was remote...
可以在那里引爆♥炸♥弹
where the bomb could go off,
并可以进行一些合理否认
and you could have some plausible deniability
不去告诉人们那是什么
as to tell people what it was.
我们不希望放射性沉降物落到人口稠密的地区
They didn't want the radioactive fallout to be going down toward a populated area,
他们环顾四周认定阿♥拉♥莫戈多
so they looked around, and they decided that Alamogordo,
也就是现在新墨西哥州沙漠中的白沙试验区
what is now the White Sands test area out in the New Mexican desert,
是最佳的地方
would be the best place to do it.
此次测试定于1945年7月16日上午进行
This test was scheduled for the morning of July 16th, 1945.
（三位一体核试验场地 1945年7月15日）
他们不想激起大量泥土使其具有放射性
They didn't want to stir up a bunch of dirt and make it radioactive,
所以他们把原♥子♥弹♥ 放在了一座30米的塔上
so they put the bomb up on top of a tower, 100 feet high.
这只是武器的内部
It was just the innards of the weapon,
只有一堆电缆和电线
a tangle of cables and wires.
他们没有在上面安装雷达也没有安装尾翼什么的
They didn't have the radar on it and all the other-- The tail and so forth.
装置被放在了钢塔顶上的
This assembly was put in a little tin corrugated iron cabin
一个小波纹铁皮舱内
up on top of a steel tower,
其中一位科学家被委派整晚坐在那里
and one of the scientists was delegated to sit with it all night
直到装置完全组装好
after it'd been completely put together.
当时有风暴要经过此地这让他有些紧张
There was a storm front that was passing through that made him a little nervous
因为他觉得："如果有闪电击中这座塔我就死定了
because he thought, "Well, if lightning hits this tower, I'm dead."
原♥子♥弹♥爆♥炸♥ 我就气化了"
"Bomb goes off and I'm vaporized."
幸运的是凌晨四点左右雨停了天空放晴
Fortunately, the rain stopped about 4:00 a.m., and the sky cleared.
大批科学家从洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯赶来
The scientists had come down from Los Alamos in large numbers.
所有在洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯工作的科学家
All the scientists who'd worked at Los Alamos
都想去三位一体观看他们的劳动成果
wanted to be at Trinity to see the results of their labor.
整个代表团都在那里
There was quite a whole delegation out there.
科学家们在大约32公里外的山坡上
The scientists were on a hillside about 20 miles away.
大约九公里外的地下
There were some big, massive bunkers buried in the ground
埋着一些巨型掩体
almost 10,000 yards away.
人们的忧虑之一在于
One of the concerns was,
原♥子♥弹♥会产生比预期更高的蘑菇云吗?
would the bomb have a higher-than-anticipated mushroom cloud?
会把受污染的放射性尘埃带到国内人口稠密的地区吗?
Would it carry contaminated fallout throughout populated parts of the country?
对他们来说确实有这种可能性但他们还是进行了测试
For them, it was a real possibility, but they tested it anyway.
九八七
Nine, eight, seven,
六五四
six, five, four,
三二一
three, two, one.
引爆
Now.
我们深知世界已经不一样了
We knew the world would not be the same.
（J·罗伯特·奥本海默的声音）
有的人在笑
Few people laughed.
有的人在哭泣
Few people cried.
大多数的人沉默不语
Most people were silent.
我想起了
I remembered the line
印度教经♥文♥《薄伽梵歌♥》中的这句话
from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita.
毗湿奴
Vishnu.
"现在我正变成死亡世界的毁灭者"
"Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds."
我想我们都是这样想的
I suppose we all thought that one way or another.
（一百米）
人们跳起来开始观察
People jumped up and started looking at it.
大家都感到如释重负
There was a general sense of real relief
因为这项技术
because this technology
是他们在八个月内研制完成的
that they had invented in a period of about eight months,
这项全新的技术成功了
this brand-new technology had worked.
人们认为三位一体核试验场地周围区域
It was thought that the area surrounding the Trinity test site
基本上无人居住
was largely uninhabited.
但实际上 1945年时
But in reality, nearly half a million people
新墨西哥州德克萨斯州以及墨西哥
lived in New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico,
有近50万人居住在三位一体核试验场地半径240公里内
within 150-mile radius of the Trinity test site in 1945.
大约6♥4♥公里外有一个女子舞蹈夏令营
About 40 miles away, there's a camp, a girls' dance camp.
有大约十名13岁左右的女孩
About ten girls who were about 13 years old
正在她们的床上安睡
were fast asleep in their bunks.
突然爆♥炸♥了
Suddenly, boom.
一场巨大的爆♥炸♥撼动了她们的床
An enormous explosion shakes their bunkhouse
把她们从床上震了下去
and throws the girls out of their bunks.
她们和舞蹈老师跑到外面
They and their dance instructor run outside,
其中一人后来回忆到天空看起来让人感觉痛苦
and one of them later recalled that the sky was just painful to look at.
太亮了她的原话是
It was so bright. She said, quote,
"就仿佛磅礴旭日"
"It was as if the sun came up. Tremendous."
几个小时后这些女孩抬头看到
And then a few hours later, these girls look up
白色的灰烬从天而降
and there's white ash falling from the sky,
她们还以为是下雪了
and they think that it's snow.
于是她们换上泳衣去附近的小溪里玩雪
So they put on their bathing suits and they go to a local stream
她们还把雪压在自己的脸上
to play in the snow, and they're pressing it into their faces.
她们说："雪是热的不是冷的为什么雪会是热的呢? "
And they said, "It's hot instead of cold. Why is this snow hot?"
在她们的推理中她们说雪是热的是因为正值夏天
And in their reasoning, they said, "It's hot because it's summer."
她们中只有一人活到了30岁
And only one of them survived to 30.
新墨西哥人并没有提前被告知
The New Mexicans had not been told ahead of time
会进行此次测试
that the test would take place.
他们没有提前撤离
They were not evacuated ahead of time,
也没有在事后撤离
nor were they evacuated or told afterwards.
事实上政♥府♥发布了一条新闻报道
In fact, the government put out a press report
称附近有弹♥药♥库爆♥炸♥了
that a munitions dump had exploded nearby,
这就是这些人的经历
and that's what these people had experienced.
这并不能解释为什么天上会下雪
It didn't do much to explain why this snow was falling from the sky,
为什么家里的宠物会突然死去
or why all their family pets were dying all of a sudden,
为什么牲畜体表开始成片变白
or their livestock was starting to turn white in patches.
三位一体试验中的爆♥炸♥
The blast in the Trinity test
真的把沙子变成绿色玻璃了
literally turned the sand into green glass.
（杜鲁门抵达欧洲 1945年7月）
在波茨坦会议期间杜鲁门得到了试验成功的消息
Truman got news that this test had been successful during the Potsdam Conference.
杜鲁门斯大林丘吉尔
Truman and Stalin and Churchill were trying to work out
希望确定同盟国之间的权力平衡
what the balance of power was going to be
他们都希望赢得战争
among the Allies, who were expecting to win the war.
三巨头会议都在德皇威廉昔日的王宫举♥行♥
The big three meetings are held in Kaiser Wilhelm's former palace.
（波茨坦会议 1945年7月）
在这里德国的命运和日本侵略的终结将得到解决
Here, the fate of Germany and the end of Japanese aggression will be settled.
这是杜鲁门和史汀生首次与苏联人会面
They are meeting the Soviets for the first time, Truman and Stimson.
杜鲁门亲自会见了斯大林
Truman is meeting Stalin in person.
说到斯大林西方国家肯定不明白
The West certainly didn't understand whom they were dealing with
他们在跟谁打交道
when it comes to Stalin.
他很有个人魅力
He had a lot of charisma.
他给人们留下了好印象这正是他想要的
He made a good impression on people, and he wanted to make that impression.
就是在这次历史性的会议上
It was at this historic conference
德国被划分为四个占领区
that the dividing of Germany into four zones of occupation took place.
（英国苏联法国美国）
美国官员在波茨坦非常难受
The American officials are very distressed at Potsdam
因为他们开始意识到世界正在以一种
because they're starting to realize that the world is being divided up
他们始料未及的方式被瓜分
in a way that they didn't quite anticipate.
能够成为盟友是因为一直以来存在共同的敌人
That these allies, who were always sort of enemies of my enemy,
但实际上他们非常偏执爱好扩张难以信任
were actually quite paranoid, and expansionist, and hard to trust.
很明显一旦苏联人接管了某块土地
It was becoming clear that once the Soviets took over territory,
他们就再也不会放手
they essentially kept the territory.
俄♥国♥人本打算在8月15日
The Russians were going to enter the war against the Japanese
对日本开战的
on the 15th of August.
杜鲁门希望他能在斯大林插手东部战事前
And Truman was hoping that he could get the war over with
结束战争
before Stalin entered the war in the East,
这样日本就不会像德国那样被瓜分了
so that Japan wouldn't be divided the way Germany was going to be divided.
杜鲁门被告知在阿♥拉♥莫戈多进行的钚弹试验
Truman was notified about the test of the plutonium bomb at Alamogordo,
威力强大远超预期
and how powerful it was, and how it exceeded expectations.
这对杜鲁门来说是一个好消息因为他认为这可能有助于
And that was great news for Truman because he thought it might help him
他与斯大林的谈判
in his negotiations with Stalin.
于是问题来了
And so one question that came up was,
"我们要告诉斯大林原♥子♥弹♥的事吗? "
"So, do we tell Stalin about the bomb?"
给杜鲁门的建议是"告诉斯大林"
The recommendation to Truman was, "Tell Stalin."
对他俩来说重要的是讨论原♥子♥弹♥该如何成为和平的工具
It would be important for the two of them to discuss how the bomb should become
而不是战争的工具
somehow an instrument of peace rather than of war.
但杜鲁门没有听从建议
But Truman ignored that advice.
杜鲁门听到试验成功的消息大为振奋
Truman was very bucked up by the news of the successful test,
丘吉尔对此也侃侃而谈他说
and Churchill waxed eloquent about it, saying,
"现在我们可以告诉俄♥国♥人该在哪里下车了"
"Now we can tell the Russians where to get off."