转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E03

Part 5 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

每一场民族主义运动背后都看到了共♥产♥主义
behind every nationalist movement in the world.
美国将成为民♥主♥的灯塔
America was going to be this beacon of democracy.
我们要把民♥主♥传播到全世界
We were going to spread democracy around the world.
不管这个政♥权♥有多腐♥败♥ 有多邪恶
It didn't matter how corrupt, or how vicious,
有多残暴
or how brutal the regime was.
如果你是反♥共♥分子那我们就对你没意见
If you were anti-communist, you were fine by us.
我经常开玩笑说如果杜勒斯兄弟想把他们的祖母扔到公共汽车下面
I often joke that if the Dulleses wanted to throw their grandmother under the bus,
他们会说他们需要这样做来把美国从国际共♥产♥主义中
they would say they needed to do it to save America
拯救出来
from international communism.
造就杜勒斯兄弟的一个因素
One factor that shaped the Dulles brothers
是他们一生致力于保护
was a lifetime of dedication to protecting the interests
跨国公♥司♥的利益
of multinational corporations.
这意味着他们对维护世界经济体系
What this meant was that they had a deep interest
有着深厚的兴趣
in preserving the world economic system.
这种制度首先是基于一种理解的
This system was based above all on an understanding
即消耗资源的发达国家
that developed countries that consume resources
必须能够控制生产这些资源的国家
need to be able to control the countries where those resources are produced.
（伊朗）
被杜勒斯兄弟视为需要被推♥翻♥的
The first two targets for the Dulles brothers
最初的两个领导人目标
as leaders who needed to be overthrown,
是他们积怨已久的两位领导人
were two leaders against whom they already had grudges.
即伊朗的摩萨台和危地马拉的阿本斯
It was Mosaddegh in Iran and Árbenz in Guatemala.
因此就有了中情局在20世纪50年代早期
And this led to two of the CIA's most famous and infamous operations
最著名和最臭名昭著的两次行动
of the early 1950s,
那就是推♥翻♥危地马拉和伊朗的
which was to overthrow the duly elected governments
民选政♥府♥
of Guatemala and Iran.
位于伊朗阿巴丹的世界最大炼油厂
The world's largest oil refinery at Abadan, Iran,
成为了一场重大国际危机的中心
becomes the center of a major international crisis,
因为伊朗议会一致投票决定将其广阔的油田国有化
as Iran's parliament votes unanimously to nationalize her vast oil fields.
伊朗政♥府♥将其石油资源收归国有
The Iranian government had nationalized its oil resources.
英国对伊朗石油的控制可以追溯到1914年
The British had a stranglehold over Iranian oil going back to 1914.
英国人当时已经破产了
The British are pretty broke at this point.
他们跟约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯坐下来说
They go and sit with John Foster Dulles and go,
"是的我们认为摩萨台是共♥产♥主义者你愿意帮助我们推♥翻♥他吗? "
"Yeah, we think Mosaddegh's a communist." "And will you help us overthrow him?"
英国人和美国人策划了
And the British and the Americans
一项除掉摩萨台的行动
conceived an operation to get rid of Mosaddegh.
中♥央♥情报局的计划有两个要素
So there were two elements to the CIA's plan,
想要让扰乱计划奏效一是要有用来贿赂别人的钱
a chaotic plan that worked. And one was money for bribing people,
另外是要有宣传攻势
and the other was propaganda.
他们让德黑兰的大部分报纸刊登谴责摩萨台的文章
They had most of the newspapers in Tehran printing articles denouncing Mosaddegh.
这种现在被称为假新闻的东西
This type of what is now called fake news
被中♥央♥情报局用来淹没了伊朗媒体
was very much used by the CIA to basically flood the Iranian media.
然后中♥央♥情报局雇佣了一些暴徒
Then the CIA hired thugs who posed as members
伪装成规模很小的伊朗共♥产♥党成员
of the very small Communist Party of Iran,
袭击毛拉玷污清♥真♥寺
who attacked mullahs, defiled a mosque.
（人♥民♥党示♥威♥）
行动其实是失败了
The operation basically failed.
然后在最后一刻
And then at the last minute,
通过一系列滑稽而错综复杂的事件
through a comical and Byzantine series of events,
德黑兰的街道上
there was just enough money, propaganda, and treachery
充斥着足够的金钱、宣传和背叛
flowing through the streets of Tehran
让一小群受中情局收买♥♥的
to allow a small corps of rebellious officers
叛变军官
who had been paid by the CIA
开着一辆坦克来到摩萨台总理的房♥子前
to roll a tank up to Prime Minister Mosaddegh's house,
炸开一个洞
blow a hole in it,
并说服他最好还是辞去总理的职位
and convince him it would probably be best if he left office.
这为伊朗国王的重新登基开辟了道路
This opened the way for the reinstallation of a Shah of Iran.
军官透露摩萨台已经投降
Army officers reveal Mosaddegh has surrendered.
他作为伊朗独♥裁♥者的统治结束了
His reign as virtual dictator of Iran is ended.
现在人群高呼支持沙阿的口号♥ 举着一个动荡国家的
Now crowds shout pro-shah slogans and carry pictures of a troubled ruler
动荡统治者的照片
of a troubled nation.
伊朗国王统治着一个残暴镇♥压♥但亲♥美♥的政♥府♥
The shah ran a viciously repressive, but pro-American government.
伊朗政♥变♥后
After the coup in Iran,
结果是一个财团
what you had was a consortium
由伊朗和西方石油公♥司♥组成
between Iran and Western oil companies
服从美国公♥司♥ 英国公♥司♥和法国公♥司♥的命令
obeying American companies, a British company, and a French company.
他们经营石油业
They ran the oil industry.
如果你读过文件
If you read the documents,
就会发现没有人真正担心共♥产♥党会接管政♥权♥
there is really no real concern about a serious communist takeover.
但这是一个很方便的理由
But it was a convenient argument to use
在美国公众看来
in the American public
他们是在把国家从共♥产♥主义中拯救出来
that they were saving the country from communism.
（危地马拉）
第二年同样的事情发生在危地马拉
The following year, almost the same thing happens in Guatemala
发生在雅各布·阿本斯身上
with Jacobo Árbenz.
我是奇基塔香蕉我想要说
♪ I'm Chiquita Banana And I've come to say ♪
（奇基塔香蕉联合水果公♥司♥品牌）
香蕉必须以某种方式成熟
♪ Bananas have to ripen In a certain way... ♪
（联合水果香蕉种植园）
几十年来联合水果公♥司♥ 几乎一直把危地马拉当做奴隶种植园
United Fruit has been running Guatemala as a virtual slave plantation for decades.
人们几乎拿不到任何报酬阿本斯说要国有化
People are paid virtually nothing, and Árbenz is talking about nationalizing.
雅各布·阿本斯的政♥府♥获得了
The government of Jacobo Árbenz had won congressional approval
国会对一项大规模土地改革的批准要求联合水果公♥司♥
for a large land reform that required the United Fruit Company
将其未使用的土地出♥售♥给危地马拉政♥府♥
to sell its unused land to the Guatemalan government,
然后政♥府♥将土地分割
which would then cut up that land
并将其分给饥饿的农民家庭
and give it away to starving peasant families.
公♥司♥说服约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯阿本斯是共♥产♥主义者
United Fruit convinces John Foster Dulles that Árbenz is communist.
所以美国人又一次支持了反对阿本斯的政♥变♥
So again, the Americans back this coup against Árbenz.
这个人不是共♥产♥主义者
This man wasn't a communist.
他提议征用联合水果公♥司♥
He proposed to expropriate some fallow land
拥有的一些休耕地
that United Fruit Company owned,
分给农民
and to distribute it to peasants.
中♥央♥情报局招募了一位被革职的中校卡斯蒂略·阿马斯
The CIA recruited a cashiered colonel named Castillo Armas,
并任命他为"解放者"
and anointed him as "the liberator."
然后中♥央♥情报局迅速采取行动
Then the CIA swept into action.
他们用预先录制的虚假广播淹没了危地马拉的电波
They saturated Guatemalan airwaves with pre-recorded phony broadcasts.
（"解放电台" 中♥央♥情报局秘密广播）
聆听我们的广播您就会了解危地马拉政♥治♥时刻的现实
Listen to us and you will know the reality of Guatemala's political moment
以及伟大的解放运动无可辩驳的进展
and the irrefutable progress of the great liberation movement.
那些广播使人认为
In which, it seemed like
危地马拉在上演一场内战
a big civil war was unfolding in Guatemala.
与此同时中♥央♥情报局的飞机投掷炸♥弹♥
Meanwhile, CIA planes were dropping bombs
与这些无线电广播相互呼应
that were then coordinated with these radio broadcasts.
其实并没有真正的战斗
There wasn't any real fighting,
但将军们终于明白
but finally it became clear to the generals
他们必须推♥翻♥阿本斯
that they had to overthrow Árbenz.
这让卡斯蒂略·阿马斯掌权了
That brought Castillo Armas into power,
他是美国人推崇的解放者
the liberator that the Americans had anointed.
他立即禁止工会
He went on immediately to ban labor unions,
关闭国会...
close Congress...
建立了一个压♥迫♥性的政♥权♥
...impose an oppressive regime,
处决了数百人
execute hundreds of people,
导致了危地马拉持续多年的大屠♥杀♥
and then that led to a holocaust in Guatemala for many years.
在华盛顿白宫和中情局
Back in Washington, in the White House and the CIA,
认为这次行动取得了圆♥满♥成功
this operation was considered a complete success.
非常完美
Spectacular.
都没花多少钱
It didn't cost much money.
只有几百人被杀没有一个是美国人
Only a few hundred people were killed, none of them were Americans.
在我看来从美国在世界的立场来看
To my mind, John Foster Dulles is really one of the great villains
约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯
of the second half of the 20th century,
绝对是20世纪下半叶最大的恶棍之一
from the standpoint of the American standing in the world.
他认为世界非黑即白
He saw the world as black and white.
要么是支持美国要么就是反对我们
You either stood with America, or were against us.
没有中间立场
There was no neutrality.
情报其实就是信息和知识
Intelligence is nothing really other than information and knowledge.
从苏格拉底时代♥开♥始甚至更早的时候
From the days of Socrates by various methods, and even before that,
（艾伦·杜勒斯 1965年）
人类就一直在通过各种方法
uh, mankind has been seeking knowledge
寻求影响自身生活
of everything that influences his own life
或所属国家生活的各种知识
or the life of the nation to which he belongs.
但认为情报工作必然是邪恶的
But the idea that it is necessarily nefarious,
总是参与推♥翻♥政♥府♥ 是错误的想法
it's always engaged in overthrowing governments, that's false.
冷战是一场争夺对手和对手人♥民♥
The Cold War was a battle for the mind and hearts of the opponent
思想和内心的战争