转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E07

Part 2 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

That was a surprise to us.
但他觉得他现在必须在某个地方表明立场
But he somehow felt he now had to make a stand someplace,
表明让波罗的海三国崩溃
that to allow the collapse of the Baltic States
意味着最终会反噬莫斯科自己
would mean that it would roll back eventually to Moscow itself.
（人♥民♥代♥表♥大♥会♥）
我们能够区分立陶宛人♥民♥
We can distinguish between Lithuanians
和那些将国家推向历史死胡同的人
and those pushing the nation into a historical cul-de-sac.
这些人需要幡然醒悟
These people need to come to their senses.
接下来是一段非常困难的时期
It was followed by a very difficult period.
经济封锁
Economic blockade.
苏联试图冻结我们
Soviet Union tried to freeze us.
（苏联经济封锁 1990年4月18日）
石油供应被切断了
The flow of oil has been cut.
共和国有两到三周的燃料储备
The Republic has two to three weeks' reserves of fuel.
就连共和国的煤炭供应也被切断了
Even the supply of coal to the Republic has now been halted.
莫斯科政♥府♥明确表示单靠经济手段
Moscow making it clear that it can, by economic means alone,
就可以粉碎立陶宛的独♥立♥梦想
crush Lithuania's dream of independence.
他们不给我们燃料
They did not give us fuel,
还有其他物品
some other goods.
独♥立♥运动领袖呼吁人们保持冷静
Independence leaders called on people to keep their nerve.
他们警告说莫斯科打算通过
They warned that Moscow intends to step up the pressure
更多经济和政♥治♥制裁来施加压力
with more economic and political sanctions,
争取独♥立♥的斗争将是一场艰难的斗争
and that the struggle for independence will be a hard one.
但我们撑过来了
But we managed to survive.
当他们看到封锁不起作用时
When they saw that blockade did not work,
他们意识到需要某种暴♥力♥手段了
uh, then they realized that some kind of violence was needed.
（立陶宛维尔纽斯 1991年1月11日）
立陶宛独♥立♥已经十个月了
The independence of Lithuania was already ten months long.
大家过来到这边来!
People, come here, to the side!
军队来了!
The troops are coming!
跟往常一样我在医院值班
As always, I was on duty at the hospital.
我记得广播里当时宣布
I remember that when it was announced on the radio,
出大事了...
there is big trouble,
（里卡达斯·道诺拉维修斯医生立陶宛活动家）
...士兵们正在占领政♥府♥大楼
the soldiers are moving to take over the government buildings.
在主要的报纸印刷厂伞兵冲进大楼
At the main newspaper printing plant, paratroopers storm the building.
他们向空中射击用子弹扫射植物
They fired into the air and sprayed the plant with bullets.
几名手无寸铁的平民身受重伤
Several unarmed civilians were seriously wounded.
一位哭泣的妇女担心自己的女儿
One sobbing woman feared for her daughter
她还被困在印刷厂里
trapped inside the printing house.
她告诉我们："就是戈尔巴乔夫干的
"It's Gorbachev," she told us.
看看你们把诺♥贝♥尔♥和♥平♥奖♥ 颁给什么人了"
"Now you see the man you gave the Nobel Prize to."
（诺♥贝♥尔♥和♥平♥奖♥公告 1990年10月15日）
你们是无罪的但请想想你们在做什么!
You're not guilty, but please think about what you're doing!
你们得独♥立♥思考
You have to think on your own.
民众的反应很快
Popular reaction was quick.
维尔纽斯电台呼吁人们在其他可能被占领的关键设施周围
Vilnius Radio called on people to rally around other key installations
进行集♥会♥
which might be taken.
1月12日晚上
And on that evening of January 12th,
午夜时分我到达电视塔
around midnight, I arrived at the TV tower.
（1991年1月12日）
我们包围了电视台大楼和电视塔
We all surrounded the television buildings and tower, making a live ring.
大约一个小时后
And, after about an hour,
坦克车队抵达
a tank convoy arrived.
（1991年1月13日凌晨1：50）
立陶宛!
Lithuania! Lithuania! Lithuania! Lithuania! Lithuania!
莫斯科回归老路
The moment Moscow fell back on the old ways
应对挑衅的时刻被立陶宛摄影师
to deal with defiance, is captured in these pictures
在他们的电视台被占领时记录下来了
snatched by Lithuanian cameramen as their own TV station was overrun.
那天晚上我在办公室工作
That night, I was working in my office.
占领者想砸开我的门
Occupants were trying to break down my door.
我把自己锁在办公室里了
I've locked myself in my office.
（阿吉尔达斯·考斯佩达斯录音）
我们该怎么办? 你觉得我们应该直播吗?
What should we do? Should we go on the air, do you think?
我们在直播了! -我们正在直播
We are on the air! - We are on the air.
我们还在直播中亲爱的观众
We're still on the air, dear audience.
只有几位同事跟我一起包括女性
There were a few colleagues with me, including women.
我们试图反抗但没有开门
We tried to resist, and we did not open the door.
考斯佩达斯刚刚通知我
Kauspedas has just informed me
电视塔附近的人们在遭受殴打
that people are being beaten near the TV tower.
内部也在激战
There's a struggle going on inside.
他们开始用步♥枪♥向门里射击
Then they started shooting through the door with rifles.
在那之后我们放弃抵抗的幻想了
After it all, the illusions to resist disappeared,
我们被迫投降
and we were forced to surrender.
数千名手无寸铁的立陶宛人在这些设施外露营
Several thousand unarmed Lithuanians had camped out at the installations
他们相信莫斯科不会去冒政♥治♥风险
in the belief that Moscow would not take the political risk
杀害或伤害手无寸铁的平民
of killing or wounding unarmed civilians.
结果他们错了
They were wrong.
我能看到两个年轻人在我眼前死去
I could see two young people die in front of my eyes.
我还看到一个人想爬上坦克
I also saw how one person tried to get on the tank.
我没有武器!
I'm not armed!
你们为什么要这么做?
Why are you doing this?
但他跳到一边去了...
But he jumped aside...
另一个人
and the other one,
我看到他的手松开了
I just saw how his hand loosened up
掉进了钢铁深渊
and he just went down into that iron abyss.
那一刻
At that moment,
那辆杀手坦克
that killer tank
朝着电视塔开过去了
went towards the TV tower
下一辆坦克也到了
and the next tank arrived.
就像照片中显示的那样
And just like the picture shows,
我挡住了去路
I blocked the way.
我们看着对方我和坦克
We stood looking at each other, me and the tank.
很难说持续了多久
It is hard for me to say how long it continued.
那一刻感觉像是永恒
At that moment, it felt like eternity.
但是
But...
然后我意识到我们赢了
then I realized that we won,
他转身开着坦克离开了
as he turned around and drove away.
法♥西♥斯♥!
Fascists! Fascists! Fascists!
立陶宛一夜之间有14人丧生
Fourteen people were killed in one night in Lithuania.
即使在今天波罗的海各国仍有许多人
Even today, there are many people in the Baltic republics
对戈尔巴乔夫持相当悲观的看法因为他们将镇♥压♥归咎于他
who take a fairly dim view of Gorbachev because they blame him for the crackdown.
这样的对抗在那里出现
The fact that such a confrontation arose there,
这是一个非常令人不安的现实
it's just a very disturbing reality.
立陶宛人站在坦克前面
Lithuanians are standing against the tanks.
而坦克
And tanks
那位改革者的坦克
of that reformer,
民♥主♥主义者戈尔巴乔夫的坦克
democrat, Gorbachev,
想要碾压手无寸铁的人
are going to crush unarmed people.
以我对戈尔巴乔夫的了解我无法想象是他下令那样做的
Knowing Gorbachev, I cannot imagine that he gave that order.
这是军事指挥官非法做出的决定
That was a decision that was taken illegally by military commanders.
没有他的同意怎么会发生这种事?
How did that happen without his... okay?
这是他一直后悔的事情
Well, that's-that-- that's something that he regretted always,
军队的这种不当行为
this kind of, uh, improper behavior by the military
居然可能发生
was actually possible.
我不相信戈尔巴乔夫
I don't believe the argument
不知道维尔纽斯发生了什么事
that Gorbachev didn't know what was happening in Vilnius.
我们知道总参谋长
We know that the Chief of the General Staff
以及国防部长已经去往波罗的海国家
and the Defense Minister had gone, uh, to the Baltic States
并可能在那里策划了这次行动
and probably had-- had planned the operation there.
为什么要派坦克来?
Why would you send tanks?
显然他还没准备好
Obviously, he was not ready
让立陶宛、拉脱维亚、爱沙尼亚以及其他国家自♥由♥
to let Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and others free.
他试图用蛮力阻止
He tried to stop it with brute force.
直到现在还能看到残余的路障
And even now, you can see remnants of the barricades.
（立陶宛议会外集♥会♥ 1991年1月）
（十万人在莫斯科抗♥议♥镇♥压♥）
他们在苏联首都市中心游♥行♥
They marched through the center of the Soviet capital,
高呼"给立陶宛自♥由♥"和"打倒刽子手"
thousands of demonstrators chanting, "Freedom for Lithuania" and, "Down with the executioners."
（俄♥罗♥斯♥ 莫斯科）
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫的改革让精灵从瓶子里出来了
Mikhail Gorbachev has, with his reforms, let a genie out of a bottle.
国内外都有针对他的抗♥议♥者他们要求更多自♥由♥
He's got protesters both home and abroad calling for many, many more freedoms
远超他的意愿范围
than he's willing to give.
真正的民♥主♥ 真正的言论自♥由♥ 真正的行动自♥由♥
Real democracy, real freedom of speech, real freedom of movement.
尽管戈尔巴乔夫先生摆出一副勇敢的样子
While Mr. Gorbachev put a brave face on it,
他不能忽视一个事实许多幻想都破灭了
he cannot ignore the fact that so many are so disillusioned.