转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E03

Part 2 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

原♥子♥弹♥依靠核裂变原子分♥裂♥
An atomic bomb relies on nuclear fission, splitting of atoms,
而氢弹热核装置
whereas a hydrogen bomb, a thermonuclear device,
依靠核聚变和原子的结合
relies on nuclear fusion and sort of the combination of atoms.
第一枚可爆♥炸♥的热核装置
The first workable thermonuclear device
在杜鲁门政♥府♥末期被研制出来了
comes in the closing days of the Truman Administration,
并进行了所谓的"迈克试爆"
and it's tested in what was known as the "Mike Test."
（常春藤行动"迈克试爆" 1952年11月1日）
还有几分钟就能看到第一名飞行员拍摄的常春藤行动"迈克试爆"画面了
We have minutes to go before the first flier's Mike shot of Operation Ivy.
如果一切按计划进行
If everything goes according to plan,
我们很快就会看到地球上有史以来最大的一次爆♥炸♥
we'll soon see the largest explosion ever set off on the face of the Earth.
现在距离引爆时刻还有30秒
It is now 30 seconds to zero time.
请戴上护目镜或把头转过去
Put on goggles or turn away.
直到第一道光亮闪过十秒后才可以摘下护目镜或面罩
Do not remove goggles or face burst until ten seconds after the first light.
"迈克试爆"非常成功
The Mike Test was a very successful test.
威力比预想的还要强大
It was even more powerful than it was expected to be.
相当于1050万吨♥TNT炸♥药♥
It was ten and a half million tons equivalent of TNT.
二六接近原爆点
Two-six, approaching ground zero.
伊鲁吉拉伯岛彻底消失了
Elugelab is completely gone.
这里只剩海水了
Nothing there but water.
中间的岛屿轮廓就是以前的伊鲁吉拉伯岛即"原爆岛"
The outlined island in the center is former Elugelab, "the zero island."
两侧与其他岛屿连接的部分已被炸断
Sections of the islands on either side have been chopped off.
弹坑的直径约为1.6公里
The crater is roughly a mile in diameter.
从侧面看弹坑逐渐向下倾斜最大深度
In profile, the crater gradually slopes down to a maximum depth
约为53米
of some 175 feet,
相当于17层楼的高度
or equivalent to the height of a 17-story building.
与纽约的天际线相比
Compared to the skyline of New York,
这意味着以帝国大厦为中心
this means that with the Empire State Building as zero point,
仅火球就能吞没大约四分之一的曼哈顿岛
the fireball alone would engulf about one-quarter of the island of Manhattan.
这件事震惊了所有目击者
The event horrified and shocked everyone
或是看到相关报道的人
who witnessed it or read about it.
公众对此争论颇多
And you have a much more public debate about it,
包括曾参与曼哈顿计划的一些人
including real horror by some of the people
也表现出了真切的恐惧
who had been part of the Manhattan Project.
多年来奥本海默认为美国人♥民♥需要知道
For years, Oppenheimer believed that the American people needed to know
核军备竞赛的存在
that there was a nuclear arms race.
是否寻求国际原♥子♥能♥机♥构♥管控的决定
The decision to seek or not to seek international control of atomic energy,
是否尝试研制氢弹的决定
the decision to try to make or not to make the hydrogen bomb,
这些都源于复杂的技术问题
these are rooted in complex technical things.
但这些触及我们的道德底线了
But they touch the very basis of our morality.
这对我们来说是非常危险的
It is grave danger for us
这些决定都是根据保密的事实做出的
that these decisions are taken on the basis of facts held secret.
他想告诉美国人♥民♥ 这些武器的破坏性有多大
He wanted to inform the American people of how destructive these weapons were.
阿尔伯特·爱因斯曾写到
Albert Einstein himself wrote,
"这将导致全人类的灭亡"
"General annihilation beckons."
这些武器的破坏性如此之大
These were the kind of weapons that were so destructive
以至于总统们意识到如果我们卷入核战争
that presidents realized that if we ever got involved in a nuclear war,
那会是文明的终结对吗?
it would be the end of civilization, right?
什么都不会留下
There would be nothing left.
（艾森豪威尔就职典礼 1953年1月20日）
艾森豪威尔当选后
Eisenhower, after he was elected,
得知了第一颗氢弹试爆的消息
was informed about the first hydrogen bomb test.
他当时被吓到了
He was just shaken.
在人类从黑暗走向光明的漫漫朝圣之旅中
How far have we come in man's long pilgrimage,
我们已经走了多远了?
from darkness toward the light?
我们接近光明了吗?
Are we nearing the light?
全人类实现自♥由♥与和平的一天到了吗?
A day of freedom and of peace for all mankind?
（艾森豪威尔就职演说 1953年1月20日）
还是另一夜的夜幕正在向我们逼近?
Or are the shadows of another night closing in upon us?
科学似乎已经准备好
Science seems ready to confer upon us
赐予我们最后的礼物了
as its final gift,
即把人类从这个星球上
the power to erase human life
彻底抹去的能力
from this planet.
苏联领导人在得知此次试爆后也感到十分震惊
The Soviet leaders also were shocked when they read about this test.
负责整个警♥察♥系统
And Lavrentiy Beria,
以及情报机构的拉夫连季·贝利亚
who was in charge of the whole police and intelligence apparatus,
召集了一批已经在研究氢弹的科学家
pulls together scientists who have already been working on the hydrogen bomb,
他在写给斯大林的备忘录上说
and prepares a memo for Stalin saying,
"这将是非常昂贵的但我们的敌人正在研制
"This will be very expensive, but our enemies are developing it,
所以我们也必须研制"
so we have to develop it too."
1953年苏联试爆了所谓的夹心蛋糕设计...
In 1953, the Soviet Union tested the so-called layer cake design,
其爆♥炸♥威力约为40万吨♥TNT炸♥药♥
which had a yield of about 400 kilotons.
这种情况会引发某种心理战
This situation then opens things up to a kind of war of nerves.
（马绍尔群岛比基尼环礁）
1954年美国准备引爆一次核爆♥炸♥
1954, and the US prepared to set off a nuclear explosion
其威力会使广岛和长崎的原♥子♥弹♥爆♥炸♥相形见绌
that would dwarf the atomic blasts at Hiroshima and Nagasaki
使其只能与小型鞭炮相提并论
to the category of small firecrackers.
迄今为止试爆的最新和威力最大的原子武器
The newest and most powerful atomic weapon yet tested
将在南太平洋马绍尔群岛中部引爆
was to be detonated in the South Pacific in the midst of the Marshall Islands.
（马绍尔群岛比基尼环礁）
"喝彩城♥堡♥"试爆是在
The Castle Bravo test was done
位于太平洋核试验场的比基尼环礁进行的
in the Pacific testing grounds at Bikini Atoll.
那里是美国早在20世纪40年代末
That was the location where one of the first American atomic bombs
第一次测试原♥子♥弹♥的地方
were tested back in the late 1940s.
太平洋的其他环礁上是有人居住的
There were people on the other atolls in the Pacific.
因此他们完全没有意识到
So they were completely unaware,
也没有做好应对氢弹爆♥炸♥的准备
unprepared to deal with the explosion of the hydrogen bombs.
"喝彩城♥堡♥"试爆成为了核时代最可怕的时刻
The Castle Bravo test becomes the scariest moment yet of the nuclear age.
我们并不真正了解热核弹的工作原理
We didn't really understand how thermonuclear bombs worked,
当天在场的科学家和军方领导人
and the scientists and the military leaders
都被自己看到的景象吓坏了
who were present that day were horrified by what they saw
因为他们看到的爆♥炸♥ 其规模和威力
because what they saw was a bomb that went off several times larger
都比他们想象的要大好几倍
and more powerful than anything that they had imagined.
（"喝彩城♥堡♥"试爆 1954年3月1日）
"喝彩城♥堡♥"试爆的爆♥炸♥威力本来是700万吨♥级的
The Bravo test was meant to be seven megatons,
但结果却是1500万吨♥级
but it turned out it was 15 megatons.
事实证明爆♥炸♥规模比我们想象的大三倍
It turns out to be three times larger than anything we had imagined.
1500万吨♥的爆♥炸♥威力
Fifteen megatons of explosive power.
一个6.4公里宽的火球
A four-mile-wide fireball
所及之处几乎所有东西都蒸发殆尽
that evaporates almost everything in its path.
当地人居住的环礁和岛屿
The atolls and islands populated by the natives
都受到了辐射的影响
were affected by the radiation.
他们中的许多人都能看到爆♥炸♥产生的蘑菇云在上升
Many of them could see the mushroom of that explosion going up.
他们说太阳其实是从西边升起的
They were talking about the sun actually coming from the west
而不是东边
instead of coming from the east.
我是在岛上长大的
I grew up on the island.
（内森·劳孔马绍尔群岛公民）
我记得人们总是生病
I remember people were really, really sick all the time.
婴儿出生时他们的后脑没有脑壳你知道吗?
Babies were born, and no shell to the back of their head, you know?
可以看到他们的大脑
You could see their brain.
比基尼环礁周围区域
The area around Bikini Atoll,
即所谓的安全区
the so-called security area and zone,
所有的船只都被清空了
was cleared from all the ships.
或者说至少他们努力这样做了
Or at least they tried to do that.
但有一艘日本渔船福龙五号♥
But one of the Japanese trailers, Lucky Dragon,
最终出现在爆♥炸♥区域内了
ended up in the area of the explosion.
氢弹的破坏力太强大了
The destructive power of the hydrogen bomb was so powerful that
远远超出了试爆氢弹的美国人的估计
it far exceeded the estimates of Americans who tested it.
所以即使船只在安全区外...
So even though the ship was outside the security zone,
（田中照美长崎幸存者反核倡导者）
...依然有很多放射性沉降物
there was a lot of radioactive fallout.
我们称之为死亡灰烬
We called it the death ash.
这是一桩国际丑闻
It was an international scandal.
日本是唯一遭到核武器袭击的国家
Japan, the only country hit by nuclear weapons,
也成了这种新武器的首批受害者之一
becomes one of the first casualties of this new weapon too.
渔夫的遗愿是
The fisherman's dying wish is,
"让我做最后一个被这种可怕武器杀死的人"
"Let me be the last person killed by this awful weapon."
我们当时并不知道如何使用核弹
We didn't really know how to use nuclear bombs.
这是一项新技术
This was a new technology,
军方需要学习如何使用其作战
and the military needed to learn how to fight with it.
他们学习的方式
And the way that they learned
就是在全世界发射大量核弹
was by firing off a lot of nuclear bombs all over the world...
包括在拉斯维加斯的沙漠进行国内核试验
...including domestic nuclear testing in the desert above Las Vegas.
这可能是美国
This is probably the high watermark
公开核战争计划的最高♥潮♥
of the nation's public nuclear war planning.