转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E03

Part 4 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

It was really the British, the MI6,
创建了OSS 即战略情报局
who kind of created the OSS, the Office of Strategic Services.
所以其很大程度上是模仿英国的模式
So it was very much modeled on the British model.
（战略情报局）
艾伦·杜勒斯他从事破坏活动
Allen Dulles, he was into sabotage,
秘密行动准军事行动
covert operations, paramilitary operations.
我们可以说他更感兴趣的
He was interested in the more,
是这份工作中更危险的方面
shall we say, dangerous aspects of the job.
赫尔姆斯对间谍活动特别着迷
Helms was uniquely fascinated by espionage.
他认为情报工作
He believed that the business of intelligence
就是通过间谍活动收集情报
was gathering intelligence by spying.
（柏林）
当然此时的柏林纳粹德国的前首都
Berlin, at that point, the former capital of Nazi Germany,
正在迅速成为苏联人眼中
is rapidly becoming ground zero of certainly what the Soviets
与西方竞争的中心
are seeing as the contest with the West.
（彼得·西谢尔战略情报局官员 1942-1947）
我被调到柏林是因为我们在柏林有两处站点
I was transferred to Berlin because we had in Berlin two stations.
1945年末苏联在柏林可能有数百名特工
The Soviets probably had hundreds of operatives in Berlin in late 1945.
彼得·西谢尔有几十名下属
Peter Sichel had a few dozen answering to him,
而他才刚满23岁
and he had just turned 23 years old.
苏联在情报部门投入了大量资源
The Soviets had put enormous resources into their intelligence services.
他们可以连续追溯到...
And they had continuity
（契卡苏联秘密警♥察♥）
...上世纪二三十年代
going back to the '20s and '30s,
当时他们就把人员
when they were implanting people
安插到大学和社会了
into universities, into society.
苏联的权力体系是三足鼎立
The way the Soviet Union ran, there was three legs to that stool.
政党军队还有克格勃
The party, the army, and the KGB.
这跟美国是不一样的
There's nothing like that in America.
捷尔任斯基是我们所熟知的克格勃的创始人
Dzerzhinsky, founder of what we now know is the KGB.
在俄♥罗♥斯♥ 安♥全♥部♥队一直是国家的第二天性
Security forces in Russia have always been the second nature to the state.
捷尔任斯基接管了这一系统并建立了自己的安全机构
Dzerzhinsky just took over that system and created his own security apparatus,
在斯大林执政初期这个机构变得越来越专♥制♥
which got more and more repressive when Stalin got into power early on.
哈里·杜鲁门认为
Harry Truman thought there was no need
和平时期的美国并不需要情报机构
for a peacetime intelligence service in the United States.
我们的问题都解决了
Our problems were over.
但其中一些官员比如艾伦·杜勒斯比如理查德·赫尔姆斯
But a few of its officers, like Allen Dulles, like Richard Helms,
还在与他们在美国陆军中的盟友一起为保持美国陆军的活力而奋斗
fought with their allies in the Army, the US Army, to keep it alive.
1947年
In 1947,
《国♥家♥安♥全♥法》
the National Security Act created,
以短短六页的命令
in a very short six-page order,
创建了中♥央♥情报局
the Central Intelligence Agency.
在这一法案中有一些独特和非常重要的东西
In that act, there's something unique, very important,
对中情局产生了令人震惊的影响
that went on to have a shattering impact at the CIA.
在旧体制下尤其是在英国
In the old system, particularly in Britain,
总有一道绝对的防火墙
there was always an absolute firewall
存在于分♥析♥形势
between the people who analyzed situations
决定该做什么或不该做什么的人
and decided what might be done or shouldn't have to be done,
与秘密特工之间
and then on the other side, the covert operatives.
在《国♥家♥安♥全♥法》中
In the National Security Act,
这两项职能被合并为一个机构即中♥央♥情报局
both of these functions were combined into one agency, the CIA.
因此该机构会向总统提供
So it was gonna be the agency that advised the president
有关世界形势的建议
on what the world looked like,
然后决定是否有必要采取秘密行动
and then decided whether a covert action was necessary,
继而付诸实施
and then carried it out.
这自然促使人们觉得这个世界
That naturally gave the incentive to present the world
好像到处都需要采取秘密行动似的
as if covert action was necessary everywhere.
到1949年中♥央♥情报局在德国境内外
By 1949, the CIA's recruiting foreign agents
招募外国特工
throughout Germany and beyond,
对斯大林扶植傀儡政♥府♥的中欧国家
to conduct paramilitary operations against the nations of Central Europe
实施准军事行动
where Stalin has installed his puppet governments,
以空降到铁幕后方颠覆苏维埃政♥权♥
to parachute behind the Iron Curtain and subvert the Soviet state.
其中第一次行动是在1949年秋天
The first of these operations, in the fall of 1949,
斯大林接管乌克兰后从乌克兰逃出来的乌克兰人
were Ukrainians who had gotten out of Ukraine after Stalin took it over,
他们找到了前往德国的路
found their way to Germany.
中情局在德国训练这些流亡的乌克兰人一至三个月
The CIA trains these Ukrainian exiles in Germany for a month or two or three.
"你们应该这样带着降落伞和枪从飞机上跳下来
"Here's how you jump out of an airplane with a parachute and a gun."
如果可以的话落地后就地打滚
"Hit the ground and roll if you can."
你们应该这样设置秘密无线电与我们联络
"Here's how you set up a clandestine radio to communicate with us."
这里有价值五万美元的当地货币
"Here's $50,000 worth of local currency
是你们的入场券
to buy yourself access."
你们要在苏联控制的乌克兰境内建立一个秘密基地
"And you're to establish a clandestine base inside of Soviet-controlled Ukraine,
等你们成功我们会告诉你们该怎么做"
and we'll tell you what to do when you get there."
彼得·西谢尔在整个过程中扮演着监督者的角色
Peter Sichel's kind of in a supervisory role in all this.
乌克兰从未完全被苏联控制过
Ukraine was never totally controlled by the Soviets.
（乌克兰叛乱分子）
总会遇到一些阻力
There was always pockets of resistance.
他们创建了所谓的
They created so-called
"乌克兰抵抗组织"
"Ukrainian resistance cells."
我们会提供武器和钱财等等
We would supply them with arms, money, whatever.
这些行动是中♥央♥情报局在1949年到1953年间
These operations which the CIA conducted with every fiber of its being
全力执行的
from 1949 to 1953,
那是自杀式的任务
were suicide missions.
成千上万被招募的外国特工死亡
Uncounted thousands of recruited foreign agents died.
这是自杀性任务的原因之一
And one reason they were suicide missions
是中情局已经被苏联间谍渗透了
is that the CIA had been penetrated by a Soviet spy.
这个间谍就是英国情报部门驻华盛顿的负责人
And that spy was the head of British intelligence in Washington,
金·费尔比
Kim Philby.
他是英国情报部门
He is the liaison
与中♥央♥情报局
between the British intelligence services
之间的联络人
and the CIA.
费尔比会了解到中情局在执行准军事任务时
Philby was read into what the CIA was doing
所做的事情
in its paramilitary missions,
于是立即将这些信息传回莫斯科中♥央♥
and immediately conveys this information back to Moscow Central,
以确保任务最终能够失败
thus ensuring that the missions would end in disaster.
我被要求辞去外♥交♥部♥的职务
I was asked to resign from the foreign office
因为我有过欠妥的交往
because of an imprudent association.
（1955年）
跟那些所谓共♥产♥主义者的交往呢?
What about these alleged communist associations?
你对此有何评论?
Can you say anything about them?
我上一次跟共♥产♥主义者交谈
The last time I spoke to a communist,
在明知道对方是共♥产♥主义者的前提下
knowing him to be a communist,
还是在1934年的某个时候
was sometime in 1934.
美国为了支持这些组织
So what happened to all the people,
而运往乌克兰的
the arms, and money
所有人员、武器和资金都怎么样了?
that the United States flew into Ukraine in order to support those groups?
基本都落入苏联人手里了
Basically ended up in Soviet hands.
那些人要么被枪决
And the people were shot,
要么被送到西伯利亚或者其他地方
or sent to Siberia, or whatever.
（中♥央♥情报局）
每一次进入波兰和罗马尼亚的行动都变成灾难了
Each succeeding operation into Poland, Romania, they're all disasters.
人们直接消失了
People just disappear.
当我意识到他们从未从中吸取教训时
When it became so obvious that it was a lesson they never learned,
我决定我不想跟那些对生命
I decided I didn't want to be associated with people
如此漫不经心的人打交道了
who were so cavalier with human lives.
到此为止
End of story.
我觉得一个如此不尊重人类生命的机构
I felt that an agency that had so little regard for human life,
并不适合我
was not for me.
我赞同他们做的事情
I approved of what they did,
但不赞同他们做事的地点和方式
but not where they did it and how they did it.
中♥央♥情报局的行动太过深入
The CIA was operating so far out of its depths
可以放心地说该机构几乎没有任何工作管用了
that you can safely say almost nothing the agency did worked.
无论是收集情报执行秘密行动
Not in gathering intelligence, not in running secret operations,
还是执行准军事任务
paramilitary missions.
全都是失败
It was a failure.
但1953年是中♥央♥情报局的新时代
But 1953 was a new era for the CIA.
在杜鲁门政♥府♥时期中♥央♥情报局确实有开展秘密行动
Under the Truman Administration, the CIA did carry out covert operations,
但没有达到推♥翻♥政♥府♥的程度
but always stopped short of overthrowing governments.
艾森豪威尔政♥府♥上台后限制都被解除了
When the Eisenhower Administration took office, the gloves came off.
艾伦·杜勒斯成为中♥央♥情报局局长
Allen Dulles became director of the CIA,
他的哥哥约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯成为国务卿
and his older brother John Foster Dulles became Secretary of State.
这是第一次由两兄弟
This was the first time two siblings, two brothers,
控制了美国外交政策的公开和秘密两方面
controlled the overt and the covert sides of American foreign policy.
杜勒斯兄弟在世界上
The Dulles brothers saw communism