转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E02

Part 4 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

that communism was expanding around the globe.
从许多方面来看中国的失守引发了红色恐慌
In many ways, that loss of China kicks off the Red hysteria
这种恐慌在20世纪40年代末和50年代初
that we see poison our politics
毒害了我们的政♥治♥环境
in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
人们已经感觉到我们已经在冷战中败给了共♥产♥主义
There was a real sense that we are already losing the Cold War to communism.
1949年
And then in 1949,
一架美国气象飞机在阿♥拉♥斯加上空
a U.S. weather plane over Alaska
首次发现了苏联上空
picked up the first signs that a nuclear weapon
有核武器试验的迹象
had been tested over the Soviet Union.
这次试验来的比美国人预期的要早得多
A test that came much sooner than Americans had anticipated
他们原本认为苏联尚不足以研制成功
that the Soviet Union would be able to develop it.
我们认为斯大林首次了解到研发原♥子♥弹♥的可能性
We think that Stalin first learned about the possibility of an atomic bomb
是在1942年9月
in September 1942.
他还签署了一项法令设立了一个小型项目
And he signs a decree setting up a small project
调查是否有研发铀弹的可能性
to investigate whether a uranium bomb is possible.
（长崎 1945年8月9日）
远在莫斯科的斯大林
Use of the bomb in the war in 1945
将1945年在战争中使用原♥子♥弹♥
was interpreted in Moscow by Stalin
理解为对苏联的恐吓
as a way of intimidating the Soviet Union.
看到没? 我们拥有这枚威力巨大的炸♥弹♥ 你觉得如何?
"See? We have this powerful bomb. What do you make of that?"
这就是苏联如此急于
And that was why it was important to build a Soviet bomb
制♥造♥原♥子♥弹♥的原因
as quickly as possible.
这个项目又在几年内
This turned into a massive enterprise
变成了一个庞大的事业
within a few years.
有60万人参与其中
There were 600,000 people working on it.
20万人在东欧开采铀矿
Two hundred thousand in Eastern Europe mining uranium.
10万人在苏联寻找铀矿
A hundred thousand looking for uranium in the Soviet Union.
20万人参与建设
Two hundred thousand involved in construction.
还有10万名科学家工程师或技术人员
And then 100,000 working as scientists or engineers or technicians
在不同的工厂工作
in the different plants,
因为苏联要做的就是复♥制♥曼哈顿计划
because what the Soviet Union did was copy the Manhattan Project.
可以肯定的是在未来...
You may be sure that in the future as well,
（拉夫连季· 贝利亚苏联秘密警♥察♥首脑）
...我也将不遗余力地为社♥会♥主♥义♥祖国服务
I shall spare no effort to serve the socialist homeland
执行斯大林同志的任务
to carry out the assignments of Comrade Stalin.
战争期间苏联几乎渗透了
During the war, the Soviet Union had infiltrated
美国的所有政♥府♥机构
almost every government agency in the United States,
包括洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯
including Los Alamos.
他们在那里有好几个间谍最著名的便是克劳斯·富克斯
They had several spies there. In particular, there was Klaus Fuchs.
克劳斯·富克斯是德国难民后来成为
Klaus Fuchs, a German refugee who had become a member
曼哈顿计划英国代表团成员
of the British delegation in the Manhattan Project,
也是洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯极为重要的物理学家
was an immensely important physicist at Los Alamos,
还是解决了多个内爆弹
and was at the heart of many of the hardest
武器设计难题的核心人物
weapons design problems for the implosion bomb.
科学家们都认为他是最值得信赖的人
The scientists thought he was the most trustworthy guy.
他们开派对时他还会担当他们的保姆
He was their babysitter when they had parties.
他们真的会把自己的孩子交给他他们就是这么信任他
They literally gave him their children. This is how much they trusted the guy.
促使他在1941年走进苏联♥大♥使♥馆♥的动机是
The motives that inspired him to go to the Soviet Embassy in 1941 were,
我们是盟友我们正在与纳粹德国作战
well, we're allies, we're fighting Nazi Germany.
他知道纳粹政♥权♥是个多么可怕的政♥权♥
He knew what an awful regime the Nazi regime was and therefore,
那么何不帮盟友一把呢?
you know, why not help an ally?
（所有人员均须接受搜查）
富克斯能够肆无忌惮地
Fuchs was able to move top secret documents
将绝密文件运出洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯
out of Los Alamos with impunity.
包括投放在长崎的原♥子♥弹♥"胖子"的详细蓝图
Including detailed blueprints of the Fat Man bomb dropped on Nagasaki.
（塞米巴拉金斯克基地哈萨克斯坦 1949年8月29日）
苏联的首次实验非常成功
The first Soviet test was successful.
按下按钮后
Right after the button was pressed,
最刺眼的光芒照亮了一切
the brightest light illuminated everything.
那时门已经关上了
The door was already shut by then.
（尤里·哈里顿俄♥罗♥斯♥物理学家）
很明显爆♥炸♥的威力相当强大
It was evident that the explosion had been quite powerful.
苏联打破了美国的核垄断
The idea that the Soviet Union has broken the American nuclear monopoly
这倒不一定能让人惊讶
comes not necessarily as a surprise,
但绝对会让美国人♥民♥
but definitely a shock to the American people
和美国政♥府♥大为震撼
and to the American government.
这正是他们一直所担心的
This is what they had feared all along.
我们必须得出这样的结论...
We must conclude that...
（爱德华·泰勒美国核物理学家）
...十年后
...ten years from now,
俄♥罗♥斯♥将遥遥领先于我们
Russia will be way ahead of us.
通过分♥析♥苏联驻美大使♥馆♥
It was discovered from an analysis of communications
与苏联政♥府♥的通信发现
between the Soviet Embassy in the U.S.
有人在向苏联传递
and the Soviet Union that somebody was passing information
有关原♥子♥弹♥的情报
to the Soviet Union about the atomic bomb.
有关部门找上了富克斯他承认了自己的罪行
Fuchs was approached and he confessed,
随后于1950年初被捕
and then he was arrested in early 1950
并被判入狱
and sentenced to prison.
（富克斯认罪）
这改变了一切
This just changed everything.
动摇了整个保密与核能机构的核心
This shook the entire secrecy and nuclear establishment to the core.
搜捕行动开始了
A manhunt started.
1950年2月
By February of 1950,
美国逮捕了一个名叫哈利·戈尔德的人
the United States arrested a man named Harry Gold,
他是一名间谍信使
who was a spy courier.
他会定期前往洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯获取情报
And he traveled regularly to Los Alamos to get information,
主要都是从克劳斯·富克斯处获得的
primarily from Klaus Fuchs.
1950年6月
Then in June of 1950,
联邦调查局逮捕了戴维·格林格拉斯
the FBI arrested David Greenglass
称哈利·戈尔德偶然认识了在洛斯阿♥拉♥莫斯工作的
and claimed that on one occasion, Harry Gold met David Greenglass,
机械师戴维·格林格拉斯
who was a machinist working at Los Alamos
他也是我舅舅我母亲的弟弟
and also my uncle, my mother's younger brother.
我叫罗伯特·米若波尔但我的本名是罗伯特·罗森堡
My name is Robert Meeropol, but I was born Robert Rosenberg.
我是朱利叶斯与艾瑟尔·罗森堡夫妇的小儿子
I am the younger son of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
我父亲在我三岁生日一个月之后被捕
My father was arrested a month after my third birthday
并被控密谋从事间谍活动
and charged with conspiracy to commit espionage.
我父亲被捕一个月后
A month after my father's arrest,
我母亲被大陪审团传唤作证
my mother went to testify before the grand jury.
结果她也被捕了
And she, too, was arrested.
（夫妇为赤党从事间谍工作面临指控）
（纽约市 20世纪30年代）
我父母是在大萧条时期
My parents grew up in the heart of the Depression
曼哈顿下东区的中心地带长大的
on the Lower East Side of Manhattan,
那是个非常贫穷的社区住满了相对较新的移♥民♥
which was a very poor neighborhood filled with relatively recent immigrants.
纽约证券交易所乱成一团
Chaos at the New York Stock Exchange.
10月29日...
On October 29,
（股价暴跌损失100亿）
...黑色星期二股市跌至谷底
Black Tuesday, the bottom dropped out.
1929年股市崩♥盘♥后
After the stock market crash of 1929,
全国有相当一部分人失去了工作
you had a significant percentage of the people in the country out of work.
人们排着队领免费汤喝
You had people lining up for soup lines.
1932年美国各地涌现了大量的慈善厨房♥
Those who have, share with those who do not
与食不果腹的贫民分享食物
in the soup kitchens that spring up across America in 1932.
大萧条全面爆发时
By the time the Depression had hit full force,
人们认为资本主义从根本上辜负了民众
people saw capitalism, essentially, as failing the people.
所以我的父母都是共♥产♥党员
So both my parents were members of the American Communist Party.
（加入共♥产♥党）
红尿布宝宝是什么?
What's a red diaper baby?
红尿布宝宝是指他们的父母都是共♥产♥党员
Red diaper baby is somebody whose parents were communists.
说的就是我我就是红尿布宝宝
That's me. I'm a red diaper baby.
我引以为荣
And proud of it.
在20世纪30年代大萧条时期
In the '30s, during Depression times,
共♥产♥党是美国最强大的政党
the party was its most powerful in America.
他们主要争取的是工会
Mostly what they were fighting for were unions,
以便在政♥府♥系统中有一些真正的工人代表
to have some real representation of workers in the system.
也是为了制止野蛮的资本主义肆意横行
And to also stop the kind of brutal capitalism that was running amok.
在欧洲成为共♥产♥主义者的人更多
In Europe, even more people became communist,
因为他们认为只有斯大林领导下的苏联才是行之有效的
because the sense was only Stalin's Soviet Union works.
在人们心目中苏联是这么一副形象
The image of the Soviet Union that was being projected
人人有工作
was that it was a system where people had jobs,
工资丰厚生活水平蒸蒸日上
where people had a good wage, where the standards of living were rising.
当时的人们对苏联的状况
There was a misunderstanding
存在极大的误解
about what was going on in the Soviet Union.
那是在斯大林的罪行被公之于众之前
This was before the crimes of Stalin were really fully understood.
所以人们想成为共♥产♥党完全不令人意外
So it wasn't the least bit shocking that people were members of the party.
朱利叶斯和艾瑟尔·罗森堡夫妇无疑是真正的信徒
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were certainly true believers.