转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E04

Part 2 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

It's very profitable.
各种私营企业国防承包商
All manner of private-sector companies, defense contractors,
通信承包商
communications contractors,
都变得依赖政♥府♥和国防开支
becomes reliant on the government and the defense spending.
这正在成为一个有核武器脑袋的九头蛇
This is becoming sort of a nuclear-headed hydra
这是美国以前从未有过的
unlike anything that the US has ever experienced before.
致力国防的取向也极大地改变了美国的大学
The defense orientation also dramatically changed American universities,
特别是在科学和技术方面
particularly in science and technology.
据估计在20世纪50年代
By some estimates, 75% of funding for the natural sciences
75%的自然科学经费来自国防机构
was coming from defense institutes in the 1950s.
当时的社会日益以国防和安全
This was a society that had become increasingly oriented around defense,
以及核武器为中心
and security, and nuclear weapons.
在艾森豪威尔的领导下武器的数量
Under Eisenhower, the number of weapons
以及武器类型的多样性开始呈指数增长
and the diversity of types of weapons starts to exponentially increase.
核基础设施领域的
The American scientists within the nuclear infrastructure
美国科学家非常有创造力
get extremely creative.
所以他们最终制♥造♥出各种各样的炸♥弹♥
So they end up with this wide variety of bombs
来应对各种不同的情况
for all sorts of different types of circumstances.
美国制♥造♥的最小的炸♥弹♥
The smallest bombs that the US ever made
可以装进一个足够大的行李袋或背包
could fit into a reasonably large duffel bag or backpack
由一个人携带
and be carried by a single person.
当时制♥造♥的最大的炸♥弹♥
The largest bombs that get made in this period
基本上有校车那么大
were the size of a sort of school bus, essentially.
那是巨型炸♥弹♥
It's a huge bomb.
轰炸机里都装不下只能挂机身下面
It doesn't really fit inside the bomber. It has to sort of hang underneath it.
还有介于两者之间的东西也许是用来装在导弹上的炸♥弹♥
And then you have everything in between. Might be a bomb meant to be on a missile.
也许是一枚导弹搭载十枚炸♥弹♥
It might be a bomb that's meant to have ten of them on one missile.
也许是鱼雷也许是地雷
It might be a torpedo. It might be a land mine,
也许是使用飞机投掷的普通炸♥弹♥
a regular bomb you drop out of a plane,
也许是运载核弹以击落轰炸机的火箭
a rocket meant to carry a nuclear bomb to shoot down a bomber.
当时的武器种类繁多
Just a tremendous variety of weapons in this time.
他们有无限的预算和无限的想法
They sort of have an unlimited budget for this, and unlimited ideas.
艾森豪威尔上台时
When Eisenhower came into office,
大约有1000枚核弹头
there was about a thousand atomic warheads.
艾森豪威尔卸任时有大约23000枚核弹头
When Eisenhower left office, there was about 23,000 nuclear warheads.
其中大部分都是热核炸♥弹♥
And most of them by now were thermonuclear,
比长崎原♥子♥弹♥的威力强一千倍
which was a thousand times more powerful than the Nagasaki bomb.
这种毁灭性力量的巨大扩张
This immense expansion of destructive power
几乎没有引起公众的注意
took place with very little attention of the public.
到1961年卸任时
By the time that he left office in 1961,
艾森豪威尔也开始担心这些支出水平
Eisenhower was concerned at how these spending levels
似乎会一直在不断上升
just seemed to keep going up and up and up,
即便是他自己最初批准了许多政策
even after he himself had endorsed many of the policies
才造成这种情况的
that created that situation in the first place.
在艾森豪威尔看来这开始对美国民♥主♥构成威胁了
To Eisenhower, this was beginning to pose a threat to American democracy.
我们被迫建立了一个规模庞大的
We have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry
（1961年1月17日）
永久性军♥火♥工业
of vast proportions.
在政♥府♥委员会中
In the councils of government,
我们必须防止军工复合体
we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence,
获得不必要的影响力无论是有意的还是无意的
whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex.
错位权力灾难性崛起的可能性
The potential for the disastrous rise
是存在的并将持续存在
of misplaced power exists and will persist.
艾森豪威尔在他的总统任期结束时变得非常害怕
Eisenhower becomes deeply afraid by the end of his presidency.
冷战正在失去控制
The Cold War is spinning out of control.
许许多多的国会议员都依赖于他们选区的职责
So many congressmen are reliant on the jobs in their districts
导致继续向着世界末日的时刻而努力
that it's sort of in everyone's interest
符合所有人的利益了
to keep building towards this world-ending moment
因为这是一笔好生意
because it's good business.
民♥主♥党人共和党人双方都参与这场游戏了
Both sides played it. Democrat, Republican, they all played this game.
虽然我们今天在军事上是世界上最强大的国家了
Although we are today the strongest nation in the world militarily,
但我们必须增强实力
we must increase our strength.
我们当代的根本问题是近年来
The fundamental problem of our time is the steady erosion of American power
相对于共♥产♥主义国家美国的实力正在不断受到侵蚀
relative to that of the communists in recent years.
约翰·肯尼迪在1960年竞选总统时
John Kennedy, when he's running for president in 1960,
谈到了导弹缺口
talks about the missile gap,
有点暗示艾森豪威尔政♥府♥ 在某种程度上
you know, and-and kind of suggesting that somehow the Eisenhower administration
是软弱的
had been soft.
相较苏联的弱点被暴露了
Had been caught with their pants down against the Soviets.
他们都玩这套
They all played it.
（德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔 1953年）
（约翰·F·肯尼迪 1961年）
（约翰·F·肯尼迪美国总统 1961-1963）
我约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪郑重宣誓...
I, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, do solemnly swear...
你将忠实履行
That you will faithfully execute the office
美国总统的职责
of President of the United States.
我将忠实履行美国总统的职责
...that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States.
肯尼迪上台了他是一位年轻的总统
Kennedy comes in. Kennedy's a young president.
只有当我们的武器是毫无疑问足够的
Only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt
我们才能毫无疑问地确定永远不会使用武力
can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.
赫鲁晓夫想："那小家伙是谁啊? "
Khrushchev thinks, "Who is that little boy?"
他和他儿子列昂尼德一样大
He's the age of his own son Leonid.
当然赫鲁晓夫自己的反对者也越来越多
And, of course, Khrushchev had his own opposition already growing,
强硬派说
the hardliners who were saying,
"美国人对你的态度太糟糕了"
"Well, the Americans are treating you so horribly."
所以有很多人私下跟他说
So he had a lot of people in his ear
他是十足的傻瓜
saying that he was just being a total fool,
是西方的出气筒等等
and a punching bag for the West, and so on.
然后就是赫鲁晓夫著名的联♥合♥国♥之行
Then the famous visit of Khrushchev to the United Nations
他挥着拳头尖叫着
when he was banging his fists and screaming that, you know,
美国是一个帝♥国♥主♥义♥国家和种族主义国家
America is an imperialist country and racist country.
屋顶上的麻雀都在叽叽喳喳地说
All the sparrows on the rooftops are chirping about this
支持殖民政♥权♥的帝♥国♥主♥义♥大国
that the most imperialist power which supports colonial regimes
是美♥利♥坚♥合众国
is the United States of America.
因此对抗♥日♥益加剧
So the confrontation was increasing,
肯尼迪政♥府♥中有自己的鹰派人物
and Kennedy had his own hawks in the administration
推动他站出来反对这位可怕的苏联独♥裁♥者
pushing him to step up and be against this horrible Soviet despot.
所以很多事情都失控了
And so a lot of it just was getting out of control.
然后他们于1961年在维也纳会面了
And then they met in Vienna in 1961.
（维也纳峰会 1961年6月3日）
我去维也纳见了苏联领导人赫鲁晓夫先生
I went to Vienna to meet the leader of the Soviet Union, Mr. Khrushchev.
整整两天我们进行了冷静而深入的交谈
For two days, we met in sober, intensive conversation.
但我们最严肃的谈话是关于德国和柏林的
But our most somber talks were on the subject of Germany and Berlin.
（北约）
（华沙条约组织）
1961年东西方之间的对抗
In 1961, the confrontation between East and West
在柏林变得越来越激烈
becomes more and more intense in Berlin.
（您正在进入法国区）
在某种程度上东德是苏联帝国皇冠上的宝石
East Germany is in some ways the jewel in the crown of the Soviet Empire.
它位于欧洲的中心
It's in the heart of Europe,
是整个苏联集团最发达的地区之一
and it's one of the most developed parts of the entire Soviet Bloc.
但东德正在大出血因为东德的人♥民♥正在离开
But East Germany is bleeding to death because its people are just leaving.
医生工程师教师技师
Doctors, engineers, teachers, technicians.
共♥产♥党摇摇欲坠的经济中急需拥有技能的人才
People with skills badly needed in the communists' faltering economy.
自从战后占领区建立以来
More than four million people have fled from Soviet domination
已有400多万人逃离苏联的统治
since the post-war occupation zones were established.
我小时候在柏林居住的那块地方...
The part of Berlin where I grew up,
（约阿希姆·诺伊曼东德居民）
很不幸最后归属东柏林了
was... would become, uh, East Berlin, unfortunately.
作为一个小孩子东柏林和西柏林的边界是开放的
As a little child, the border between East and West Berlin was open.
所以我们可以随心所欲地去西柏林
So we could go to West Berlin so often as we liked.
在西柏林我们能看到我们想看的所有电影
In West Berlin, we were able to see all movies which we want to see.
我们可以读所有的书我们可以听各种音乐
We could read all books. We could listen to every kind of music.
在东柏林在德意志民♥主♥共和国很多这样的事情是不被允许的
And in East Berlin, the GDR, a lot of such things was not allowed.
然后我们的生活改变了
And then our life changed.
1961年8月13日
On the 13th of August, 1961,
东德共♥产♥党当局建起了我们所说的高墙
the East German communist authorities throw up what we call the wall,
最初只是挡风的砖块和铁丝网
which is initially just breeze-blocks and barbwire.
他们说这是反法♥西♥斯♥的保护墙
And they say it's the anti-fascist protective wall,
保护我们不受西柏林法♥西♥斯♥分子的侵害
to protect us against the fascists in West Berlin.
大家都知道这是为了把自己人关里面不是把我们关外面
Everybody knows it's to keep their own people in, not us out.
高墙建起来了非常吓人
The wall goes up. It's a terrible shock.
可以想象成纽约或伦敦被分成两半
You have to imagine New York or London being divided down the middle.
所以基本就是西42街的一边是东纽约
So, literally one side of West 42nd Street is in East New York,
西42街的另一侧是西纽约
and the other side of West 42nd Street is in West New York.