转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E01

Part 2 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

以很少的投入输出大量的能量
Puts out a lot of energy for very little input.
德国科学家在英国《自然》杂♥志♥上发表了一篇论文
German scientists published a paper in a British journal, Nature.
某一天醒来整个世界都看到了
And the whole world woke up one day
《纽♥约♥时♥报♥》和伦敦报纸的头条新闻
to headlines in the New York Times and the London papers.
他们分♥裂♥了原子!
They split the atom!
（五百万伏特的机器）
美国历史上最杰出的科学家之一罗伯特·奥本海默
One of the more brilliant scientists in American history, Robert Oppenheimer,
开始思考："这种惊人反应产生的能量
started thinking, "Well, what can you do with the energy
我们可以用来做什么呢? "
that comes out of this amazing reaction?"
不到一个星期他就在黑板上画出了一幅原♥子♥弹♥图画
Within a week, he had a drawing on the blackboard of an atomic bomb.
如果能让这个反应引起另一个反应
If you could get this reaction to cause another reaction
再引起另一个反应
and another reaction, and another reaction,
直到80代
until you had like 80 generations,
那就可以炸毁一座城市
you could blow up a city.
奥本海默立刻意识到了这一点
Oppenheimer saw that immediately.
几乎所有物理学家都意识到了
Almost all the physicists did.
历史赋予我们很多怪物
History provides us with a cast of monsters.
希♥特♥勒♥是独一无二的
Hitler was a one-person show.
今天我们必须清除不良分子...
Today, we must remove undesirable...
（阿道夫·希♥特♥勒♥ 纽伦堡集♥会♥）
...那些得到印证的坏分子
...elements proven to be bad.
坏分子在我们中间没有容身之地!
What is bad has no place among us!
希♥特♥勒♥是人类有史以来最坏的人
Hitler was the worst that mankind had ever created.
希♥特♥勒♥将用原♥子♥弹♥为他的千年帝国
The idea that Hitler would have his Thousand-Year Reich
提供动力的想法吓坏了人们
powered with atomic bombs terrified people.
尤其是对那些
Particularly those who were Jewish
从已经开始的大屠♥杀♥中逃出来的犹太人
and had escaped what was already beginning to be the Holocaust.
当然当时美国还没有参战
And, of course, the United States was not yet at war.
我国将保持中立
This nation will remain a neutral nation.
（美国总统 1933-1945）
当时世界上最著名的科学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
Albert Einstein, the most famous scientist in the world at the time,
起草了一封信
drafted a letter
署名爱因斯坦寄给了罗斯福总统
that would go under Einstein's signature to President Roosevelt.
这封信旨在表达我们相信在相对较短的时间内
Essentially, the letter said that we believe it will be possible, in a relatively short time,
制♥造♥出极具破坏性的武器是有可能的
to build weapons of remarkable destructiveness,
我们希望您意识到这一点
and we want you to be aware of that
并采取行动以便我们西方世界首先拥有这种武器
and to take action so that we, the Western world, have this weapon first.
恐惧来自纳粹的原子武器计划
The fear is a Nazi atomic weapons program.
人们感觉这是一场与柏林的竞赛
And the sense is that this is a race with Berlin.
英国科学家加拿大科学家美国科学家
British scientists, Canadian scientists, and American scientists,
他们都相信聪明的德国物理学家
they are convinced that smart physicists in Germany
正试图给阿道夫·希♥特♥勒♥
are trying to give Adolf Hitler the ultimate weapon
提供赢得征服战争的终极武器
to win his war of conquest.
第二次世界大战在欧洲爆发时
When World War II started in Europe,
约瑟夫·斯大林是苏联的领导人
Joseph Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union,
彼时苏联和纳粹是盟友
and the Soviets and the Nazis were allies.
希♥特♥勒♥-斯大林条约导致东欧被瓜分
The Hitler-Stalin pact resulted in a carving up of Eastern Europe.
苏联得到波罗的海诸国
The Soviets gained the Baltic States.
以及波兰东部
They also gained the eastern part of Poland.
还有罗马尼亚的一部分
And they also gained a piece of Romania.
他们对希♥特♥勒♥的误解
They misunderstood Hitler
不亚于西方民♥主♥国家对他的误解
as much as the Western democracies misunderstood Hitler.
（德国入侵俄♥国♥ 1941年6月）
1941年希♥特♥勒♥入侵苏联
In 1941, Hitler betrays his new Soviet allies
背叛了他的新盟友
by invading the Soviet Union.
战争初期纳粹似乎会打败苏联
Initially, it looked like the Nazis would beat the Soviets.
苏联人被打了一个措手不及
The Soviets were caught by surprise.
斯大林甚至好几天都不敢向公众
Stalin actually can't even bring himself to talk publicly
发表公开讲话
to the Soviet people for days.
他对自己信任柏林的愚蠢战略感到十分懊恼
He is so distraught at his own strategic stupidity of trusting Berlin.
战争不仅发生在欧洲
And the war was not only what was happening in Europe,
也发生在亚洲
but also what was happening in Asia.
日本人想在亚洲建立帝国
The Japanese sought empire in Asia.
日本想控制中国
It wanted to control China.
他们最终想控制东南亚
They ultimately would control Southeast Asia.
他们想控制菲律宾
They would control the Philippines.
他们甚至把目光投向了印度
They even had their sights on India.
裕仁天♥皇♥是日本当时的领导人
Hirohito, the Japanese emperor, was the leader.
在当时的日本
In Japan at that time,
天♥皇♥掌管着司法
the Emperor was the judiciary,
立法和行政
legislation, and administration,
他也是日本陆军和海军的最高统帅
as well as the supreme commander of the Japanese army and navy.
但是很多日本人相信...
However, many Japanese believed
（山田晶明治大学历史系教授）
...天♥皇♥的祖先可以追溯到神明
that the Emperor's ancestors could be traced back to a god.
1940年日本与柏林和罗马结盟
In 1940, the Japanese entered an alliance with Berlin and Rome.
美国人错误地认为
The Americans mistakenly assumed
日本人永远不会袭击美国的领土
that the Japanese would never attack a territory of the United States.
曼哈顿计划是旨在制♥造♥首批原♥子♥弹♥的计划
Some of the committee that was going to plan the Manhattan Project,
一些负责策划该计划的委员会成员
the program to build the first bombs,
于1941年12月6日在华盛顿召开会议
met on December 6th, 1941 in Washington,
结果第二天早上醒来时就得知了珍珠港事件
and woke up the next morning to Pearl Harbor.
（1941年12月7日夏威夷火奴鲁鲁）
珍珠港事件使美国卷入战争
It took Pearl Harbor to bring America into the war.
昨天 1941年12月7日
Yesterday, December 7th, 1941...
这一天将成为...
a date which will live...
（富兰克林·D·罗斯福 1941年12月8日）
...永远的国耻日
...in infamy...
美♥利♥坚♥合众国
the United States of America
被突然蓄意袭击
was suddenly and deliberately attacked.
无论我们需要多长时间
No matter how long it may take us
才能打赢这场有预谋的入侵
to overcome this premeditated invasion,
美国人♥民♥都将以他们正义的力量
the American people in their righteous might
赢得绝对的胜利
will win through to absolute victory.
二战期间我们基本是面对轴心国
During World War II we basically have the Axis powers,
纳粹德国意大利日本
which are Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan.
而盟国阵营
And the Allies...
是美国英国苏联
...being the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union.
美国确实有通过提供武器向苏联提供帮助
The United States did assist the Soviet Union by giving them weapons.
（美国制♥造♥）
也在一定程度上协调过军事行动
By coordinating to a certain extent on military campaigns.
但有一件事是美国不愿意做的
But the one thing the United States was not going to do
那就是与苏联分享自己的科学秘密
was to share its scientific secrets with the Soviet Union,
尤其是在曼哈顿计划方面
particularly when it came to the Manhattan Project.
1942年军队接管了曼哈顿计划
The Army takes over the Manhattan Project in 1942.
就在那时迪克·格罗夫斯将军被选为曼哈顿计划的负责人
That's when General Dick Groves was chosen to run the Manhattan Project.
（战争部）
我必须努力
I must endeavor to conduct this program
以符合美国最大利益的方式来执行这项计划
in such a way as to serve the best interests of the United States.
格罗夫斯是一名军事工程师
Groves was a military engineer.
在曼哈顿计划之前
Before the Manhattan Project,
他负责保障了五角大楼的建设
he had been in charge of making sure the Pentagon got constructed.
所以他知道如何开展大型项目
So he knew how to do big projects.
五角大楼是当时全世界最大的办公大楼
Pentagon was the largest office building in the entire world at the time.
他的脾气很坏
He's gruff.
他的二号♥人物形容他是自己效力过的最大的混♥蛋♥
His number-two person described him as the biggest SOB he had ever worked for.
他非常傲慢自以为比谁都知道得多
He was incredibly arrogant, thought he knew more than everybody.
他正式地说："我需要这个项目
He says, "I need this project to have the number-one priority
成为整场战争的第一要务"
of the entire war," formally.
这种高优先级意味着他可以得到任何他想要的资源
And what this high-level priority means is he can get any resource he wants.
他可以得到任何他想要的科学家或人员
He can get any scientist or person he wants.
他制定了一项计划
He put together a program that eventually involved
最终涉及全国各地的许多地点在那些地方铀将被分离成
a number of sites around the country where uranium would be separated
一种罕见的链式反应同位素
into the rare isotope that chain-reacts.
钚在华盛顿东部的巨型石墨燃料反应堆中
Plutonium would be bred in giant graphite fuel reactors
进行培育
in eastern Washington
那里有充足的冷水来保持反应堆的冷却
where there was plenty of cold water to keep the reactors cool,
而且那里离任何地方都足够远即使爆♥炸♥了
and where it was far enough away from anywhere that if they blew up,
也不会造成人员死亡
nobody would be killed.
当然在那里工作的人除外
Except the people who worked there, of course.
他组织计划实施雇用了大约60万人
He put this whole program together and hired some 600,000 people.
格罗夫斯看中了奥本海默选他领导这个实验室
Groves saw something in Oppenheimer and chose him to direct this laboratory.
当他们在寻找设计和制♥造♥
When they were looking for a place where the bombs themselves
原♥子♥弹♥的地点时
would be designed and built,
奥本海默说："我们去新墨西哥州看看吧"