转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E05

Part 5 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

并尽可能做到无伤大雅
and to be as inoffensive and mindless
无脑幼稚
and infantilizing as possible.
ABC圆环电影公♥司♥的负责人负责《浩劫后》的拍摄
The head of ABC Circle Films was responsible for The Day After,
他的想法是制♥作♥一部电影
and he had the idea of, what would it be like
描绘美国和苏联之间的核战争
to make a movie that would depict,
不选边站也不说明是谁发动的
without taking sides or specifying who started it,
会是什么样子呢?
nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union.
国防部提出合作
We were offered cooperation by the Defense Department.
他们会给我们直升机天知道还有什么
They were gonna give us helicopters and God knows what all else,
只要我们证明是苏联挑起战争的
provided that we showed that the Soviet Union started the war.
我们说："不行这不是重点"
And we said, "No, no, no, that's not the point."
我不是想做宣传
I didn't want to make propaganda.
有更多消息吗?
Any more news?
他们刚刚袭击了我们在波斯湾的一艘船
They just hit one of our ships in the Persian Gulf.
他们是谁? -俄♥国♥人你觉得是谁?
Who's they? - The Russians. Who do you think?
我们还击了目标是他们的一艘船你知道吗?
We hit 'em back. One of their ships, you know?
电影是以最简单的方式呈现的
It was presented in the simplest way.
中西部的一个农场家庭
A farm family out in the Midwest
碰巧在他们的农场旁边有一个导弹基地
who happened to have a missile site next to their farm.
有一天他们在吃午饭
And they were eating lunch one day,
突然看到导弹起飞了
and suddenly they see the missiles taking off.
他们说："这一刻终于到了
And they say, "Oh, the moment has finally come
我们要互相进行核打击了"
where we are exchanging a nuclear strike."
然后说："我们的农场很快就会被摧毁"
And, "Oh, within moments, our farm will be destroyed."
这部电影帮助人们想象了
What the movie did was to imagine for people
他们不能想象或不愿想象的东西
what they couldn't or wouldn't imagine for themselves.
（《浩劫后》）
晚上好事情是这样的
Good evening. Here's what's happening.
大多数看过《浩劫后》的人
Most of you who watched the ABC movie, The Day After,
可能到现在还觉得有点懵
are probably still feeling just a little numb right now.
第二天我惊讶地得知
The next day, I was astonished to learn
有一亿人看了这部电影
that a hundred million people had seen the movie.
成为有史以来收视率最高的
It has the distinction of being the most watched movie
电视电影
ever made for television.
太震撼了
It was completely devastating.
真是太可怕了看到现实如此
It was a horrible thing to see the reality,
而且发生的速度十分迅速
and how fast it could happen.
我们这些在电视上观看电影的人
Those of us who watch it in the viewing public
并不是真正应该从这部电影中得到教育的人
are not the ones who really should get the education from that film.
更应该是那些有权按下按钮的人
It's more the people who have the authority to push the button.
里根看过提前点映这让他很困扰
Reagan got an early, uh, screening of it, and it-- it bothered him.
里根写日记我认为这让很多人感到惊讶
Reagan kept diaries, which I think surprises a lot of folks
因为他的形象比较和蔼可亲不是思绪缜密那种人
because he sort of had this genial, not very thoughtful way about him.
然而每天晚上他都会坐下来
And yet every night, he would sit down and actually write in a diary that he kept
写总统日记
as president.
他在日记里写到："这使我非常不安"
And he wrote in that diary, "It disturbed me greatly."
他一生中大部分时间都是在从事娱乐和电影业
He had spent most of his life in entertainment and movies,
那天晚上他写道这是会让他难忘的东西
and that night, he wrote that this is something that really stayed with him.
（1984年1月16日）
请跟我一起设想一下
Just suppose with me for a moment,
名叫伊万和安雅的人发现他们自己
that an Ivan and an Anya could find themselves,
比如说在一间候诊室里
say, in a waiting room,
或者跟名叫吉姆和莎莉的人共用一个避雨的地方
or sharing a shelter from the rain or a storm with a Jim and Sally,
而且没有语言障碍阻止他们相互了解
and there was no language barrier to keep them from getting acquainted.
他们会讨论各自政♥府♥之间的差异吗?
Would they then debate the differences between their respective governments?
还是他们会发现自己只是在谈论
Or would they find themselves comparing notes
自己的孩子和彼此的职业呢?
just about their children and what each other did for a living?
如果苏联政♥府♥想要和平
If the Soviet government wants peace,
那么就会有和平
then there will be peace.
我们可以共同加强和平减少武器
Together, we can strengthen peace, reduce the level of arms,
并在这样做时深切认识到我们帮助实现了
and know in doing so, that we have helped fulfill
我们所代表的人的希望和梦想
the hopes and dreams of those we represent,
以及世界各地人♥民♥的希望和梦想
and indeed, of people everywhere.
我们现在就开始吧
Let us begin now.
谢谢
Thank you.
里根从一开始就认为
Reagan, from the beginning,
他将利用他的第一个任期
had the view that he would use his first term
调整权力平衡
to right the balance of power
确保在军事力量方面
and make it clear that the United States
美国是优于苏联的
was superior to the Soviet Union in military power.
当时人们可能会嘲笑这种想法
People would have laughed at this notion at the time,
但里根的文章清楚地表明
but Reagan's writing made clear
作为总统他想成为一个和平缔造者
that what he wanted to be as president was a peacemaker.
他有双重意图
And he had a duality of intent.
一方面
On the one hand,
他希望苏联消失
he wanted the Soviet Union to disappear.
他认为如果他遵循正确的政策
And he thought that could happen on his watch
这是有可能在他的任内发生的
if he followed the right policies.
但与此同时他也希望避免与俄♥国♥人发生冲突
But at the same time, he also wanted to avoid a conflict with the Russians,
即使他试图把他们打倒
even as he was trying to bring them down.
在里根政♥府♥执政三年后
The White House's desire to start the thaw,
白宫表达出希望关系解冻的愿望
comes after three years of a Reagan administration
而对抗对世界和平构成威胁的苏联
for whom countering what is seen as the Soviet threat to world peace
曾一直是其所有外交政策的核心内容
has been the central plank of all foreign policy.
我想我是最高级别的
I was, I guess, the most senior foreign service officer
在苏联方面有丰富经验的外交官员
with extensive experience in the Soviet Union.
我当时是驻捷克斯洛伐克大使
I was Ambassador to Czechoslovakia at the time.
他们把我召唤回来说总统已经决定
They brought me back, telling me that the president
是时候进行谈判了
had decided that it was time to negotiate.
可以说他认为自己
He thought he had, you might say,
握有足够的谈判筹码
enough chips on the table to start negotiating.
1984年里根试图想办法安排与安德罗波夫会面
Reagan was trying to find a way to set up a meeting with Andropov in 1984.
结果还没见面安德罗波夫就去世了
Andropov would die before Reagan could meet him.
但他终于找到了一个可以对话的对象
But he finally gets a partner that he can talk to.
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫
Mikhail Gorbachev.
（米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫）
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫克里姆林宫的新二号♥人物
Mikhail Gorbachev, the Kremlin's new number two,
最高职务的接♥班♥人
and heir apparent to the top job.
上周末他在英国
He opened a diplomatic
展开了外交和公♥关♥攻势
and public relations offensive in Britain over the weekend.
现年53岁的他是一颗政坛新星魅力四射面带微笑
At 53, this rising star of the politburo, exudes charm, smiles easily,
诙谐幽默而且还有一位迷人的妻子
has a keen sense of humor, and an attractive wife.
玛格丽特·撒切尔很早就得出结论戈尔巴乔夫是诚恳的
Margaret Thatcher came to the conclusion very early, that Gorbachev was for real.
我很喜欢戈尔巴乔夫先生我们可以打交道
I like Mr. Gorbachev. We can do business together.
他代表了不同的一代人他想要真正的改变
He represented a different generation. He wanted real change.
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫出生于斯大林时代的斯塔夫罗波尔地区
Mikhail Gorbachev was born during Stalin's time in the region of Stavropol,
位于俄♥罗♥斯♥南部离苏联边境很近
which is the south of Russia rather close to the borders of the Soviet Union.
他的父亲驾驶联合收割机收庄稼
His father was a combine harvester.
戈尔巴乔夫家中也有不公正的受害者
There were victims of injustice in Gorbachev's own family.
他的祖父从未接受过集体化
His grandfather on the father's side never accepted the collectivization.
因此他被逮捕并流放西伯利亚
So he was arrested and exiled to Siberia,
在那里他们在极其艰苦的条件下工作
where they worked in tremendously difficult conditions.
他的外祖父
His other grandfather on his mother's side
是斯大林推行的集体农庄运动的领导者之一
was one of the leaders of the collective farm movement imposed by Stalin.
尽管他是一个忠诚的共♥产♥主义者
Despite the fact that he was a communist, a dedicated communist,
他还是被逮捕了
he too was arrested.
但他说："别怪斯大林斯大林是好人
But then he said, "Do not blame Stalin. Stalin is good."
都是坏人干的"
"It's the bad people who have done this."
所以戈尔巴乔夫目睹了
So Gorbachev had this experience
苏联生活的复杂性
of seeing the complexity of life in the Soviet Union.
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫拿到了四年的大学奖学金
Mikhail Gorbachev won a four-year scholarship
进入了莫斯科大学
to the best university in the Soviet Union,
那是苏联最好的大学
Moscow University,
因为他和家人收获的小麦
by harvesting more wheat than any other 17-year-old
比全苏联其他17岁的年轻人都多
in the entire Soviet Union with his family.
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫进入了莫斯科大学
So Mikhail Gorbachev makes his way to Moscow University,
对乡下男孩来说这是一件大事
which is a big thing for a country boy to do.
他在那里遇到了他未来的妻子瑞莎
He meets his future wife there, Raisa,
并加入了共♥产♥党的行列
and he enters in the stream of the Communist Party.
当赫鲁晓夫发表反对斯大林的著名演讲时
Gorbachev was a relatively young leader
戈尔巴乔夫还是一名相对年轻的领导人
when Khrushchev made his famous speech against Stalin,
他看到意识形态所承诺的完美