转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E07

Part 4 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

组建了一个名为 "国家紧急状态委员会"的组织
gets together what would be called the GKChP.
国家紧急状态委员会实质上是一场政♥变♥
The State Emergency Committee. Essentially a coup.
（苏联国家电视台播放的视频 1991年8月19日）
我打开电视
I turned on the TV,
在听到公告前我看到在播古典芭蕾舞剧
and before I heard any announcement, I saw classical music.
当俄♥罗♥斯♥有不好的事情发生时比如领导人去世之类的
And when bad things happen in Russia, like a leader dying or things like that,
早上就会播放古典芭蕾舞剧
there is always classical music in the morning.
所以我知道就要发生政♥变♥了
And so I understood that there was a coup on the way.
（莫斯科）
本来第二天要签署联盟条约的
There was supposed to be the signing of the union treaty the next day,
我立刻就明白
and I immediately understood
联盟条约不会签署了
that the union treaty would not be signed.
军方领导人和苏联秘密警♥察♥
Military leaders and the Soviet secret police
已经控制了政♥府♥
have taken control of the government,
现在副总统根纳季·亚纳耶夫正坐在总统的位置上
and now Vice President Gennady Yanayev is sitting in the president's seat.
尤其有趣的是我们可以发现
What's especially interesting is to look at the positions
发动政♥变♥的那些领导人
held by those who were the leading members of the group
他们所担任的职务
who mounted the coup.
克格勃主席
The chairman of the KGB,
内政部长国防部长
the minister of interior, the minister of defense,
总理
the prime minister,
中♥央♥委员会书♥记♥
the secretary of the Central Committee,
他负责监管军工企业
who supervised the military-industrial complex.
这些都是党和国家机构中的领导人
These were the leading people in the party and state institutions
他们长♥期♥以来假装支持戈尔巴乔夫的政策
who had pretended to go along with Gorbachev's policies for a long time,
但暗地里却在密谋反对他
but were secretly plotting against him.
坦克正开进首都
Tanks are moving into the capital,
占据重要政♥府♥建筑附近的位置
taking up positions near key government buildings.
今天早上人群开始聚集在俄♥罗♥斯♥议会大楼外
Outside the Russian Parliament building, crowds began gathering early this morning.
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫一直在黑海度♥假♥区♥度假
Mikhail Gorbachev has been vacationing in the Black Sea resort area
自政♥府♥被接管以来他一直未露面
and has not been seen since the takeover.
戈尔巴乔夫在他名为"福罗斯"的住所别♥墅♥被捕
Gorbachev is arrested at his residence, his dacha, called Foros.
他和他的妻子就在那里
He and his wife are there,
离莫斯科非常遥远的黑海边上
very far away from Moscow on the Black Sea.
他被单独关押
He was held incommunicado.
莫斯科的所有电♥话♥都被屏蔽了
Any number in Moscow was blocked.
我的所有电♥话♥都被切断了
All my telephones were cut off.
（戈尔巴乔夫在软禁期间拍摄的家庭视频）
我与外界失去了一切联♥系♥
I have no communication with the outside world.
他的一些安保人员认为
Some members of his security detail
他的住所很有可能遭到袭击
thought that there was a real possibility that his residence would be stormed.
有代表团飞来找我
A delegation has flown out to me.
这群人
This group of individuals,
代表所谓的紧急委员会
on behalf of the so-called Emergency Committee,
建议我放弃自己的所有职权并移交给亚纳耶夫
proposed that I give up all my functions and transfer them to Yanayev,
因为我已经被推♥翻♥了
that I had been overthrown.
目前尚不清楚戈尔巴乔夫会何去何从
It's unclear what's going to happen to Gorbachev.
在他们被软禁期间他的妻子中风了
And his wife has a stroke while they're being held under house arrest
因为她太害怕了
because she's so afraid.
戈尔巴乔夫坚信自己会被暗♥杀♥
Gorbachev is convinced that he's going to be... going to be killed.
我不能离开别♥墅♥的范围
I am not permitted beyond the dacha's premises.
无论在海上还是陆地上我都被军队包围了
By sea and on land, I am surrounded by troops.
我不知道自己能否成功将这段短片送出去
I don't know whether I will succeed in sending this film out,
但我会尽力而为可以这样说
but I will try to make sure it is set free, so to speak.
事实上对当时所有在观看的人来说
In fact, for all of us watching it at the time,
他似乎不太可能逃脱
it seemed highly unlikely he was gonna get out of this.
到上午十点左右装甲运兵车已经包围了
By mid-morning, APCs were ringing the Defense Ministry
国防部和大部分政♥府♥大楼
and most government buildings.
对街上的许多人来说
For many people on the streets,
他们的反应完全是惊讶和无奈
the reaction was one of sheer surprise and resignation.
紧急委员会禁止一切示♥威♥活动
The Emergency Committee banned all demonstrations,
威胁说如果发生骚乱就实行宵禁
threatened a curfew if there are disturbances,
并控制了大众媒体
and took control of the mass media.
时代的巨钟被苏联的新主人倒转
The clocks were being turned back by the new masters of the Soviet Union,
但许多人拒绝接受新的统治
but many people were refusing the new rule.
此时此刻人们正站在坦克和装甲车前
At this moment, people are standing in front of tanks and armored vehicles.
一些人♥大♥声辱骂士兵
A few shouted insults at the soldiers.
一名男子躺在坦克前试图阻止其前进
One man lay down in front of a tank to try to halt its progress,
幸好他及时被拉开了
getting out of the way just in time.
一名妇女愤怒地喊道："你们就是法♥西♥斯♥"
One woman shouted angrily, "You are fascists."
坦克没有开到克里姆林宫
The tanks had come not to the Kremlin,
而是开到了 1.6公里外的俄♥罗♥斯♥议会所在地
but to the seat of the Russian Parliament a mile away.
这样做的原因是
There was a reason for this,
在议会大楼里有一个极其有号♥召力的人
for inside the building was the one man who has the popular appeal
他可能会扭转这场右翼政♥变♥
that might yet reverse this right-wing coup d'état.
叶利钦!
Yeltsin! Yeltsin! Yeltsin!
工人和商店顾客迅速包围了安♥全♥部♥队
Workers and shoppers quickly surrounded the security forces,
恳求他们
pleading with them,
看在祖国俄♥罗♥斯♥的份上恳求他们回家吧
appealing for the sake of the Russian motherland for them to go home.
有些人甚至试图与坦克兵搏斗
Some even tried grappling with the tank crews,
但这一行为是徒劳的
but it was an act of futility.
人们越来越担心针对改革派的大规模清洗
There are growing fears that a massive purge against the reformers
可能很快就会开始
may soon begin.
现在苏联人♥民♥已经尝到了自♥由♥的滋味
Now the Soviet people have been given a taste of freedom,
他们不会轻易放弃的
they won't give it up easily.
接下来
The next thing you know,
表面上由副总统根纳季·亚纳耶夫领导的政♥变♥分子
you're treated to a press conference of these guys who are the coup,
召开了新闻发布会
ostensibly led by the vice president, Gennady Yanayev.
第一个问题当然是米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫在哪里?
The very first question was, where is Mikhail Gorbachev?
我想说米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫现在在度假
Well, let me say that Mikhail Gorbachev is now on vacation.
（根纳季·亚纳耶夫苏联代理总统）
他正在我国南部接受治疗
He's undergoing treatment in the south of our country.
经过这么多年他非常疲惫需要一些时间来恢复
He is, uh, very tired after these many years, and he will need some time to, uh, get better.
这也是我们所希望的...
And it is our hope...
亚纳耶夫的回答引来了媒体的嘲笑
Yanayev's answer drew derisive laughter from the press.
当人们在新闻发布会上看到亚纳耶夫的手在颤抖时
You knew this coup was not going to necessarily succeed
就知道这次政♥变♥不一定会成功
when you saw Yanayev's hand shaking during the press conference.
很明显他们中有人喝醉了
It's apparent several of them are drunk.
他们是无能的对吗?
They're incompetent, right?
这是根本行不通的
That this is not really going to work.
与此同时叶利钦的势力在日益壮大
And meanwhile, Yeltsin is going from strength to strength.
叶利钦!
Yeltsin! Yeltsin!
对鲍里斯·叶利钦来说这样太难以接受了
It was all too much for Boris Yeltsin.
作为俄♥罗♥斯♥联邦总统
As president of the Russian Federation,
他已经向政♥变♥领导人发起了挑战
he had already mounted a challenge to the coup leaders.
他违抗命令撤离自己的办公室
He defied orders to evacuate his offices.
他站在一辆被支持者包围的坦克上
He stood upon a tank surrounded by supporters.
他们把我们带回到冷战时期
They bring us back to the Cold War period,
使苏联在国际社会中处于孤立状态
and the isolation of the Soviet Union from the international community.
因此我们宣布
Thus, we declare
上台执政的所谓委员会是非法的
that the so-called committee which came to power is illegitimate.
值得称赞的是叶利钦
Yeltsin, to his credit,
立即表态政♥变♥是非法的
immediately took the position that the coup was illegal,
委员会必须下台
and that that committee had to go.
我们自然地宣布该委员会通过的
Naturally, we declare that all decisions and decrees
所有决议和法案都是不合法的
passed by that committee are not legitimate.
在莫斯科可能有成千上万的人支持他
In Moscow, probably tens of thousands of people supported him.
那一刻是难以磨灭的
It was the kind of moment that is indelible.
在未来的岁月里人们可以对叶利钦褒贬不一
You can say all kinds of things about Yeltsin in years to come,
但在1991年8月19日莫斯科的清晨
but when firmness and clarity was called for
在需要保持坚定和清醒的时候
on the morning of August 19th in Moscow in 1991,
他的表现惊人且勇敢
he performed astonishingly, bravely.
（1991年8月20日晚上11点）
苏联首都的宵禁从一小时前开始
The curfew in the Soviet capital began one hour ago
要持续到清晨五点
and lasts until 5:00 in the morning.
他们开始把坦克
They started to advance tanks
开进俄♥罗♥斯♥最高苏维埃附近的地区
into the area close to the Russian Supreme Soviet,
叶利钦和他的人被困在了里面
where Yeltsin was barricaded with his people.
（1991年8月21日清晨）
四到五辆装甲运兵车
Four or five armored personnel carriers
正在接近俄♥罗♥斯♥联邦大楼区域
were approaching the area of the Russian Federation building.
他们肯定无法冲破马路对面设置的公交车
They certainly were not about to breach the buses and trucks and other barricades
以及卡车和其他路障
that had been placed across the road there.