转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E06

Part 5 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

For individual East Germans,
就是这样一个时刻
this is such a moment.
我记得我的一个朋友告诉我
I remember a friend of mine telling me
她离开公♥寓♥去参加示♥威♥时
that when she left her apartment to join the demo,
自己也不知道是否有人会加入她
she had no idea whether anyone would join her.
然后在下一个街角又来了一个人
And then at the next street corner, there was one other person.
再经过两个街区又来了两个人
And then two blocks down, there were two more people.
再经过五个街区又来了15个人
And then five blocks down, there were 15 more people.
她突然意识到不会有事的
And she suddenly realized it's gonna be okay,
因为我们有这么多人
because there are this many of us.
这打破了恐惧的屏障
And it broke the barrier of fear.
我们是人♥民♥!
We are the people! We are the people!
看到这么多人一起示♥威♥ 我真的很感动
It was very moving to see so many people demonstrating together.
（谢夫克和拉多姆斯基的录像 1989年10月9日）
我们是人♥民♥!
We are the people! We are the people! We are the people! We are the people!
你无法想象七万人的呼声是多么震撼人心
You cannot imagine how powerful 70,000 people can scream.
"我们是人♥民♥ 戈尔巴乔夫"
"We are the people, Gorbachev, Gorbachev."
戈比!
Gorby! Gorby!
在反复呼喊间是一阵寂静
There was silence between these chants.
寂静中你只能听到成千上万人的脚步声
The silence, and you just hear the steps of tens of thousands of people.
在我看来示♥威♥者想要的东西
What the demonstrators wanted can best be read, from my point of view,
从他们的呼喊声中就能清楚知道
from the chants that had formed.
"民♥主♥ 机不可失时不再来"
"Democracy, now or never."
人们反复呼喊："民♥主♥ 机不可失时不再来! "
This was chanted, "Democracy, now or never!"
自♥由♥选举 "自♥由♥选举! "
Free elections. "Free elections! Free elections!"
（圆角博物馆史塔西莱比锡总部）
那里有台阶那里就是史塔西的总部
And there are stairs, there was the headquarters of the Stasi.
军官们站在窗帘后面
The officers were standing behind the curtains.
看着示♥威♥者看着示♥威♥者们走过去
And were looking at the demonstrators. And the demonstrators walked by.
他们把蜡烛放到台阶上
And they put candles on the stairs.
一千支蜡烛
A thousand candles.
真的有一千支蜡烛立在那里
Really, 1,000 candles standing there.
所有人遵守纪律没有人拿着石头没有人
And this discipline. No one had a stone. No one.
因为没有人扔石头
Because no one threw a stone,
所以政♥府♥、军方或警♥察♥ 没有理由做出反应
there was no reason for the government, the military, or police to react.
我们想要那些站在我们对面的人明白
We want those that are standing opposite us,
我们想要与他们交谈而不是把他们视作对手
we want to address them and not see them as opponents,
与他们交谈让他们站在我们这边
but talk to them and get them on our side.
所以没人说："该死的警♥察♥"
So not saying, "Bloody cop."
而是说："你其实是我们中的一员
But saying, "You are actually one of us."
你也有同感吧"
"You feel the same way."
大喊"禁止暴♥力♥" 是对另一方的重要呼吁
And shouting "No violence" was an essential appeal to the other side.
这是对我们自己的呼吁也是对另一方的呼吁
To our own people, but also to the opposite side.
武装部队已严阵以待
Armed forces were standing at the ready.
（沃尔夫冈·朔伊布勒西德联邦内政部长 198♥9♥-♥1991）
当局已经在该地区准备了病床
The regime had already prepared hospital beds in the area.
然后他们又莫名其妙地说
And then somehow they said,
"我们不能向示♥威♥者开火他们显然不会扔石头
"We can't open fire on demonstrators who are clearly not throwing any stones
因为他们一只手拿着蜡烛
because they are carrying candles in one hand
另一只手捂着蜡烛以防蜡烛被吹灭
and covering them with the other hand to keep candles from blowing out."
我们不能开枪射杀他们"
"We just can't shoot them."
我当时在尖塔上并没有跟示♥威♥者在一起
I was on that steeple, and not with the demonstrators.
但我在二百级台阶之上
But this power that I felt up there,
感受到那股力量了那晚真心令人印象深刻
200 stairs higher, that was really impressive.
然后阿♥拉♥姆说还是我说的
And then Aram said, or I said,
"如果这段视频明天在西德电视台播出
"If this is broadcast in Western television tomorrow,
那不仅会改变德国
this will not only change Germany,
还会改变欧洲和整个世界"
but also Europe and the whole world."
我们当时还躺在鸽子的粪便里
And we lay there in the pigeon shit.
但我们能感觉到那是非常特别的一天
But we could feel it, that this was a very special day.
（录像带被写保护）
几乎都是一样的套路
It was almost always the same ritual.
你得去联♥系♥有路子的人他可以很容易地去西德
You had to contact the diplomat who could easily go to the West
然后把录像带交给他
and give him the videocassette.
10月9日那天
On that 9th of October,
他从一家大酒店的旋转门里出来
he was in the revolving door of a big hotel.
我在门口把东西递给他
I passed it to him in the door.
然后他坐上自己的奔驰开车回西德了
Then he sat in his Mercedes and drove to the West.
录像带就这样交出去了不归我了
And that videocassette was gone. It was out of my hands.
我又等了一天才看到画面
And I waited another day for the pictures.
（谢夫克和拉多姆斯基的录像）
示♥威♥活动从市中心狭窄的鹅卵石街道开始
The demonstration began in the narrow, cobbled streets in the center of the city,
一路走来人们似乎并不担心
where people seemed unworried by the menacing presence
大量便衣保安人员的威胁
of large numbers of plainclothes security men.
人们的态度似乎发生了根本性的改变
There seems to have been a fundamental change of attitude,
他们不再惧怕共♥产♥党领导层的恫吓
as people refuse to be intimidated by the communist leadership.
这些景象在这座城市的历史上是前所未有的
These were scenes unprecedented in the city's history.
到处都是呼吁自♥由♥选举自♥由♥旅行和新闻自♥由♥的横幅
Banners calling for free elections, free travel, and a free press,
以及人♥民♥要求新领导层的横幅
and the people demanding new leadership.
你不得不思考影像的力量
You have to think about the power of images.
因为东德95%的人都能看到西德的节目
Because 95% of people in the GDR could watch Western television.
这些正是我想传达的受众
And that's who I wanted to reach.
传达给东德还在客厅里犹豫不决的人
Reach the undecided in the living rooms of the GDR.
（七万人在莱比锡游♥行♥抗♥议♥ 在柏林举♥行♥支持改革的守夜活动）
我认为10月9日的大游♥行♥
I think that this big demonstration on October 9th
是东德走向灭亡的开始
was the beginning of the end of the GDR.
1989年10月9日埃里希·昂纳克试图在莱比锡
Erich Honecker tried in Leipzig on October 9th, 1989,
策划一场天♥安♥门♥事件但以失败告终
to institute a Tiananmen local event, which failed.
计划失败后他与戈尔巴乔夫的冲突
And when that failed, the combination of his conflict with Gorbachev
加上他在政♥治♥局其他同志面前颜面丢尽
and his loss of face with his other politburo colleagues
意味着他大权尽失
meant that he fell from power.
于是他被赶下台取代他的是埃贡·克伦茨
So he's ousted and replaced by Egon Krenz.
（埃贡·克伦茨东德领导人 1989年10月至1989年12月）
从那时起 11月初在柏林
From that moment on, there were larger and larger demonstrations
也出现了规模越来越大的示♥威♥活动
also in Berlin at the beginning of November.
所以政♥府♥承受着所有人离开的压力
So you have the pressure of all the people leaving.
承受着所有抗♥议♥者的压力
You have the pressure of all the people protesting.
很明显东德政♥权♥正在土崩瓦解
It's clear that the East German regime is crumbling,
正是这些抗♥议♥活动的规模促使埃贡·克伦茨说
and it's the size of those protests that inspires Egon Krenz to say,
"嘿也许我应该给这些人一点小恩小惠
"Hey, maybe I should throw these people a bone."
也许我应该开一场新闻发布会说得好像我会
"Maybe I should give a press conference where I make it sound as if I'm going to,
给他们一些旅行自♥由♥
you know, offer them some travel freedom."
也许我应该宣布一些小变化"
"Maybe I should announce a few minor changes."
（1989年11月9日）
11月9日埃贡·克伦茨决定宣布
On November 9th, Egon Krenz decides to announce
一些听起来似乎不错的旅行规定
these seemingly nice-sounding travel regulations
但实际上意义并不大
that are actually not that significant.
问题是他派去主持新闻发布会的
The problem is that the person he assigns to do the press conference,
君特·沙博夫斯基完全不懂媒体技巧
Günter Schabowski, has no media skills whatsoever.
如果你是独♥裁♥国家的领导人你并不需要学习媒体技巧
If you're a leader of a dictatorship, you don't need to develop media skills.
你自己写新闻标题就行了
You just write the headlines yourself.
政♥府♥通常不会为西德记者举♥行♥新闻发布会
The regime didn't usually hold press conferences for Western journalists,
但这次他们在了
but they're there.
君特·沙博夫斯基于下午六时开始
So Günter Schabowski starts off at 6:00 p.m.
他喋喋不休地讲着政党的一些琐事
He drones on about the minutiae of the party.
讨论的内容通常都很复杂
Contributions to discussions were generally
涉及面都很广
a complex wide range of topics.
最后在6:55时沙博夫斯基说
Finally, at about five minutes to 7:00, Schabowski says,
"等等有一份公告你们肯定都有复印件吧"
"Wait, there's this announcement. You must all have a copy."
尽管没人有他说："我来读给你们听吧"
Even though no one does. And, "Let me-- let me read it to you."
今天我们决定采取措施
Today, we have decided to introduce measures
允许每一位德意志民♥主♥共和国公民
permitting every citizen of the GDR
从任何过境点前往联邦共和国
to leave for the federal republic by any crossing points.
纸上写的是 "你还需要申请"
Now what was on the piece of paper was, "You still need to apply."
人们听到的是允许自♥由♥越过边境
But people heard "permission to cross the border."
记者们面面相觑然后说
Reporters are looking at each other and saying,
"他好像刚刚开放了柏林墙但我们不确定"
"We think he just opened the wall, but we're not sure."
于是就出现了一阵震惊导致的沉默
And, so there's this sort of stunned silence.
记者丹尼尔·约翰逊站在房♥间后面提问道
One journalist, Daniel Johnson, stands up in the back of the room.
柏林墙会何时开放呢?
What will happen with the Berlin Wall now?
（丹尼尔·约翰逊《每日电讯报》）
沙博夫斯基就像一头受惊的鹿
And Schabowski is like a deer in headlights.
据我所知就是从现在起吧
With immediate effect, according to my knowledge.
他说："立即开放"
And he says, "Straightaway."
不是这样的他搞错了
And it's not true. He got it wrong.