转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E07

Part 5 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

他们被投掷石块和燃♥烧♥弹♥
They were being pelted by rocks and Molotov cocktails.
士兵们逃脱后开始开火
The soldiers escaped and then started to open fire.
他们的行动没有任何明确的目的
They acted without any kind of clear purpose,
然后就有几个人被杀死了
and then a few people were killed.
这些人的死亡
When those people died,
让应急委员会的成员都震惊了
it was a shock, even to members of that Emergency Committee.
你们这些混♥蛋♥!
You bastards! Bastards! Bastards!
这些政♥变♥领导人根本没有能力或意愿
These coup leaders just did not have the capacity
把所有人都赶走牢牢掌握权力
or the will to blow everybody away and hold on to power.
（政♥变♥领导人自杀）
其中一人自杀了
One of them committed suicide.
（鲍里斯·普戈）
其他人则要求获准飞往克里米亚
Others asked to be permitted to fly to the Crimea,
戈尔巴乔夫所在的地方
where Gorbachev was staying.
但后来他们被捕了
But then they were arrested,
政♥变♥也随之失败
and that was the collapse of the coup.
苏联的政♥变♥似乎正在土崩瓦解
The coup in the Soviet Union appears to be coming apart at the seams.
人们都开始调转方向
People are all beginning to turn now.
数万人在鲍里斯·叶利钦的总部外欢呼呐喊
Tens of thousands of people outside Yeltsin's headquarters were elated.
在他们看来是他挽救了局面
In their view, he had saved the day.
在这些日日夜夜里
During these days and nights,
成千上万的莫斯科人证明了他们的坚韧、公民责任和英雄精神
many thousands of Muscovites proved their fortitude, civic duty, and heroism.
是你们阻止了强硬派的进攻
It is you who stopped the attack of the hard-liners
给了他们致命一击
and hit them with a lethal blow.
俄♥罗♥斯♥!
Russia! Russia! Russia! Russia! Russia!
一下子发生了太多事
There was too much going on at once.
整个系统都崩溃了
The whole system had come apart.
对经济缺乏信心
Lack of faith in the economy,
对政♥治♥制度缺乏信心
lack of faith in the political institutions.
整个共♥产♥主义思想已经沉寂一段时间了
The whole idea of communism had been dead for some time.
粘性已经不在了
The glue just was no longer there.
在卢比扬卡广场的克格勃总部外
Outside the KGB headquarters on Lubyanka Square,
多年来
for years and years and years,
一直有一座巨大的费利克斯·捷尔任斯基雕像
there's been a ginormous statue of Felix Dzerzhinsky,
他是克格勃的创始人
who's the founder, in essence, of the KGB.
捷尔任斯基的雕像被任意涂鸦
Dzerzhinsky was introduced to graffiti.
接着有人把金属缆绳系到了雕像上
Next, metal cables were attached to the statue.
警♥察♥只能站在一旁
Police stood by while protesters argued
看着抗♥议♥者争论是现在还是以后把捷尔任斯基的雕像从底座上拉下来
whether to take Dzerzhinsky off his pedestal now or later.
政♥变♥失败后他们开来一辆吊车
And when the coup collapsed, they got a crane.
有人用吊车把那该死的玩意拆了
Somebody got a crane, and they tore the damn thing down.
没有什么比卢比扬卡监狱外的雕像
No symbol could have been more emblematic of totalitarian rule...
更能体现极权统治了
...than that statue outside Lubyanka prison,
有太多的囚犯被带到这里的地下室遭受酷刑
where so many prisoners had been taken and tortured in their basements.
那是一个令人欣喜若狂的历史时刻
It was an extraordinarily ecstatic historical moment.
我当时正在匈牙利布达佩斯参加一个会议
I was in Budapest, Hungary, at a conference, actually,
讨论军备控制问题
talking about arms control.
我的一位名叫安德烈·科科申的苏联朋友
One of my Soviet friends, by the name of Andrei Kokoshin,
收到一条紧急信息
got an emergency message
要求他立即返回莫斯科
that he needed to come back to Moscow immediately.
（科科申博士）
三天后安德烈·科科申打电♥话♥给我说
Andrei Kokoshin calls me three days later and said,
"萨姆你现在必须来莫斯科
"Sam, you've got to come to Moscow now."
你必须跟新的领导层谈谈
"You've got to talk to the new leadership,
他们即将掌管俄♥罗♥斯♥"
the people who are going to be running Russia."
我降落在莫斯科令我惊讶的是
I land in Moscow and then, to my surprise, Gorbachev himself,
刚刚被俘回来的戈尔巴乔夫本人说
who had just come back from being taken captive,
他想见我
said he would like to see me.
（俄♥罗♥斯♥ 莫斯科 1991年8月22日）
我非常赞赏和感谢苏联人♥民♥
I am extremely appreciative and grateful to the Soviet people.
我问了他一个问题
And I ask him a question.
"戈尔巴乔夫总统在你被囚禁期间
"President Gorbachev, did you have command and control of nuclear weapons
你有权指挥和控制核武器吗? "
while you were in captivity?"
他说："参议员很高兴与你见面"
And he said, "Senator, it's been good visiting with you."
他没有回答我的问题
He did not answer the question.
戈尔巴乔夫向来对我很坦诚
Gorbachev had always been candid and frank with me,
所以这是一个巨大的信♥号♥♥
so that was a huge signal.
当米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫访问鲍里斯·叶利钦的俄♥罗♥斯♥议会时
When Mikhail Gorbachev visited Boris Yeltsin's Russian Parliament,
他先是赢得了热烈的掌声
he got a round of applause at first.
（俄♥罗♥斯♥议会 1991年8月23日）
但随之而来的是大量的责问、打断和难堪
But then a lot of heckling, interruption, and embarrassment.
戈尔巴乔夫回来了但他再也不是原来的他了
Gorbachev came back, but he was never the same.
他已经失去了对叶利钦的权威
He had lost his authority, really, to Yeltsin.
叶利钦基本上开始或多或少地对戈尔巴乔夫发号♥施令
Yeltsin basically starts to more or less order Gorbachev around.
上周一在政♥变♥最激烈的时候
He was suddenly asked to read aloud the minutes of a meeting
他突然被要求大声朗读内阁会议纪要
of his cabinet last Monday during the height of the coup.
戈尔巴乔夫警告说："我还没看过"
"I haven't seen it yet," Gorbachev cautioned.
叶利钦坚持说："来吧现在就读"
"Go on, read it now," Yeltsin insisted.
叶利钦抓住了有利时机
Yeltsin seized the advantage.
从那以后就完全不一样了
It was never the same after that.
与此同时苏联的其他加盟共和国说
Meanwhile, the other parts of the Soviet Union are saying,
"我们也想成为独♥立♥的国家"
"Hey, we'd like to be nation states too."
乌克兰想成为独♥立♥的国家对吗?
Ukraine wants to be a nation state, right?
白俄♥罗♥斯♥
Belarus.
摩尔多瓦
Moldova.
于是在1991年12月1日乌克兰以压倒性优势投票决定独♥立♥
So, on December 1st, 1991, Ukraine votes, overwhelmingly, to become independent.
昨天超过80%的乌克兰选民参加了投票
More than 80% of the Ukrainian electorate turned out to vote yesterday.
（乌克兰）
他们投票决定结束莫斯科几个世纪以来的统治
They voted to end the centuries of rule from Moscow.
失去乌克兰尤为令人痛心疾首事实上
The loss of Ukraine is particularly painful and, in fact,
这也是苏联解体的主要原因之一
it's one of the main reasons the Soviet Union collapses.
因为俄♥罗♥斯♥会说
Because then Russia says,
"如果我们跟乌克兰不是一个联盟我们算什么?
"What are we if we're not in a union with Ukraine?"
他们是人口第二多的共和国所以还剩下谁呢? "
"That's the second most populous republic. So who's left?"
叶利钦意识到："这对我来说是一个千载难逢的机会"
Yeltsin realizes, "This is a golden opportunity for me."
戈尔巴乔夫是苏联的总统但如果他叶利钦
Gorbachev is president of the Soviet Union, but if he, Yeltsin,
可以把苏联摧毁
can destroy the Soviet Union,
那戈尔巴乔夫就不再是总统了
then Gorbachev will be president of nothing,
他最终就可以除掉戈尔巴乔夫了
and he can finally get rid of Gorbachev.
于是叶利钦与乌克兰总统
So Yeltsin goes to a hunting lodge
及白俄♥罗♥斯♥总统开启了猎杀时刻
with the head of Ukraine and the head of Belarus.
他们三人说："是时候摆脱戈尔巴乔夫了
And the three of them basically say, "It's time to get rid of Gorbachev."
我们要做的就是
"The way we're gonna do this is we're just gonna declare
宣布我们要退出苏联
that we're pulling out of the Soviet Union,
苏联不复存在了我们可以掌管自己的国家
the Soviet Union is no more, and we can be in charge of our states."
你俩可以分别掌管乌克兰和白俄♥罗♥斯♥ 我掌管俄♥罗♥斯♥"
"You can be in charge of Ukraine, you of Belarus, and I can be of Russia."
换句话说叶利钦在效仿兰兹伯格斯的做法
In other words, Yeltsin was doing what Landsbergis was doing...
在效仿爱沙尼亚人和乌克兰人的做法
what the Estonians were doing, what the Ukrainians were doing.
他们集体宣布从苏联独♥立♥
They were all collectively declaring independence from the Soviet Union,
包括苏联帝国的中心国家
including the country that was at the center of the Soviet empire,
俄♥罗♥斯♥联邦
the Russian Federation.
克里姆林宫忙作一团
The flurry of activity at the Kremlin
因为周日俄♥罗♥斯♥、乌克兰和白俄♥罗♥斯♥
followed Sunday's declaration by Russia, Ukraine, and Belorussia
宣布成立联邦苏联不复存在
that they'd formed a commonwealth, and that the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
他们在1991年12月达成协议
They come up with this agreement in December 1991.
然后他们告知了全世界和戈尔巴乔夫
And then they spring it on the world, and they spring it on Gorbachev.
这种策略成功了
And it works.
戈尔巴乔夫没有有效的抵抗方式
Gorbachev has no effective way of resisting.
三位斯拉夫总统
The three Slav presidents
悍然地从戈尔巴乔夫手中夺取了主动权
have so flagrantly seized the initiative from Mr. Gorbachev,
甚至声称掌握了武装部队和核武器的控制权
even claiming control of the armed forces and nuclear weapons,
因此无论他接受任何职务都只会被大大削弱
that whatever role he accepts can only be a diminished one.
1991年12月25日
By December 25th, 1991,
他们正式宣告苏联解体
they're able to formally decree the end of the Soviet Union.
那天叶利钦把戈尔巴乔夫赶出了克里姆林宫的办公室
Yeltsin ejects Gorbachev from his office in the Kremlin that day.
叶利钦甚至派人去了戈尔巴乔夫的私人住♥宅♥
Yeltsin even then sends men to Gorbachev's private residence,
他妻子瑞莎在那里
where his wife Raisa is.
瑞莎刚刚经受中风
And Raisa's just suffered a stroke.
他们在1991年12月25日被赶出了私人住♥宅♥
And they throw them out of the private residence on December 25th, 1991.
他们就是这么讨厌对方
That's how much they hated each other.
然后叶利钦入主克里姆林宫
And so, Yeltsin then moves into the Kremlin,
他强迫戈尔巴乔夫发表电视辞职演说
and, uh, he forces Gorbachev to give a televised resignation speech.
他最后的日子最后几周
His final days, his final weeks,