转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E06

Part 1 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

俄♥罗♥斯♥正在乌克兰边境地区集结军队...
Russia is building up troops along the border with Ukraine,
（2022年2月19日）
...进行大规模的军事演习
and conducting massive military drills.
（基辅入侵前五天）
荣耀归于乌克兰! -荣耀归于英雄!
Glory to Ukraine! - Glory to the heroes!
稍息
At ease.
（领土防卫部队乌克兰后备军）
我们现在再进行一次训练
We'll have another training now.
我们万众一心
We all came together.
（弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基乌克兰总统）
人♥民♥ 军队政♥府♥ 所有人
People, military, government, everybody.
人们已经做好万全的准备
People were ready for it on a genetic level.
这不是我们历史上第一次面临失去国家地位的危险
This was not the first time in our history we were at risk of losing our statehood.
我明白这是一场战争
And I understood that this was the war.
这一刻已经到来这是一场独♥立♥战争
The moment has come. This was the war for independence.
为乌克兰而战
The war for Ukraine.
我们多年来一直存在的软弱
This weakness, which we'd had for many years,
已经消失了
it was gone.
我们开始反击了
We started fighting back.
左边发生交火
Contact from the left.
（入侵前四天）
右边发生交火
Contact from the right.
很多拿起武器保卫乌克兰的人
A lot of people who took up arms to defend Ukraine,
从来没有想象过自己会端起枪
they never pictured themselves with a gun in their arms.
很多人只是艺术家活动家
So many people who are, you know, just artists, uh, activists, uh...
IT经理他们拿起武器
IT managers who just took up arms
自愿参军
and... and, uh, volunteered to go to the army.
（市民制♥作♥燃♥烧♥弹♥）
我们早就在等待这一天了现在准备好了
We were waiting for this, and we're ready.
（丽塔乌克兰公民）
我早就知道会发生这种事因为已经持续一个多世纪了
I knew it would happen because it's been going on for more than a century.
看到大家都如此热情地保卫自己的国家
Seeing how passionate everyone is to defend their country,
乌克兰绝对不会不战而降
Ukraine is definitely not going down without a fight.
你多大了? -17岁
And how old are you? - Seventeen years old.
我看到你拿着武器
I... I see that you're holding a weapon.
是啊 -你有什么武器?
Yes, it's-- - What kind of weapon?
是没有弹匣的AK-47
It's, uh, an... AK-47 without magazine.
好的 -我的弹夹
Okay. - My magazine.
好吧你准备好杀死另一个人了吗?
Okay, and... are you ready to kill another person?
我是说你想过吗?
I mean, have you thought about that?
我有想过但是...
Uh, I think about that, but, um...
对我来说这是什么呢?
to me, what is it?
责任所在
Duty.
这是我的责任
It's my duty.
《转折点：原♥子♥弹♥与冷战》
《第六章帝国崩塌》
我出生在苏联占领的时代那就是我所熟悉的世界
I was born under Soviet occupation, and this was the world I knew.
（爱沙尼亚）
（拉脱维亚）
那时候是不能离开苏联的
You couldn't go outside Soviet Union at that time.
你必须有签证
You had to have a visa,
而签证是不会给普通人的
and it was not given to any regular people.
苏联当局想让你觉得所有人都被窃听了
The Soviet authorities wanted you to feel that everybody is tapped,
所有人都被监听了
everybody is listened to,
你说的每句话都可能被用来对付你
everything you say can be used against you.
那是一个充满恐惧的社会
It was a society of fear, really.
1989年戈尔巴乔夫是苏联的领导人
In 1989, Gorbachev was the head of Soviet Union,
所以我们有机会前往东德
and so we had the chance to travel to Eastern Germany.
那是一件大事
That was a really big, big thing.
我爸带着我和我哥还有我妈
My father took me and my brother and my mother
去看勃兰登堡门
to see the Brandenburg Gate.
我记得他说
And I remember he said,
"孩子们深呼吸
"Children, breathe in deeply
因为这是来自另一边的自♥由♥空气"
because it's the air of freedom that comes from the other side."
长在1970年代和1980年代
Growing up in the '70s and the '80s,
会有一种强烈的感觉那就是苏联会永远存在
there was a very strong sense that the Soviet Union was there forever.
我们试图尽可能多去了解
We tried to learn as much as possible
苏联边界以外的情况
about what it was like beyond the borders of the Soviet Union,
但也有一种感觉那就是我们永远不会看到
but there was also a sense that we would never, ever see it.
克格勃特工每时每刻都在收集数据
KGB agents collected data all the time, 24/7.
他们强迫人们秘密与他们合作
They forced people to collaborate with them secretly.
很容易让你的生活变得悲惨
It was easy to make your life miserable.
有俄♥罗♥斯♥作家叛逃俄♥罗♥斯♥记者偶尔也会叛逃
There were Russian writers who defected. Russian journalists occasionally defected.
最著名的叛逃者可能就是芭蕾舞明星米哈伊尔·巴里什尼科夫
And probably the most famous defector was the ballet star Mikhail Baryshnikov,
他选择了自♥由♥ 不仅成为了芭蕾舞界的大明星
who, uh, chose freedom and became a major, major star
也成为了美国戏剧界的大明星
not just in ballet, but in American theater writ large.
（东柏林）
我有一个朋友坐了很多年牢...
A friend of mine was sent to prison for many years,
（约阿希姆·诺伊曼东德居民）
...几乎没有任何原因
almost for nothing.
就是因为跟着西方音乐跳舞爵士乐摇滚乐我也说不好
Dancing to Western music. Jazz, rock and roll, I don't know.
那是一种在东德不允许的舞蹈
A kind of dancing not allowed in the GDR.
我们很清楚在这个国家
It was clear to us that in this country,
在这种情况下
under these conditions,
我们是不可能有好日子的
it will be impossible for us to live.
我们就是囚犯
We were prisoners.
必须记住虽然里根
You have to remember that while the relationship
与戈尔巴乔夫之间的关系非常重要
between Reagan and Gorbachev is hugely important,
在军备控制方面为缓和紧张局势带来了巨大好处
and it yielded huge benefits in arms control to an easing of tensions,
但是并没有打开柏林墙
it did not open the wall.
戈尔巴乔夫先生...
Mr. Gorbachev,
（西柏林 1987年6月12日）
...拆掉这堵墙吧
tear down this wall.
里根说完"拆掉这堵墙吧"之后什么都没有发生
What happened after Reagan said, "Tear down this wall," was nothing.
米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫没有打开柏林墙
Mikhail Gorbachev did not open the wall.
随后里根总统离任 1989年乔治·H·W·布♥什♥上台
President Reagan then leaves office, and in 1989, we get George H.W. Bush.
一股新的微风吹来经过自♥由♥洗礼的新世界看来已经获得新生
A new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn.
（布♥什♥就职典礼 1989年1月20日）
因为独♥裁♥者的时代即便没有终结
For in man's heart, if not in fact,
在人们内心也已成为过去
the day of the dictator is over.
当戈尔巴乔夫在苏联掌权时
When Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union,
他的观点并不是要摧毁苏联
his view was not that he wanted to destroy the Soviet Union,
而是要从内部进行改革
but that he wanted to reform it from within.
他想给人♥民♥一个发声的机会
He wanted to give people a chance to speak.
那就是公开化
This was glasnost.
（公开化：开放）
不仅是新闻自♥由♥
Which is not just freedom of the press,
也是政♥府♥对人♥民♥的开放
but which is also the openness of government to the people,
让政♥府♥对人♥民♥负责
the accountability of government to the people.
在切尔诺贝利事故之后就开始了
That began to happen right after Chernobyl.
在莫斯科大学和整个苏联
At Moscow University and across the Soviet Union,
有一种感觉事情正在发生变化
there is a sense things are changing,
允许批评的范围正在扩大
that the limits of permissible criticism are expanding.
公开化是我们社会走向真正民♥主♥的第一步
Glasnost is a first step towards real democracy in our society.
他还想努力解决
He also wanted to make an effort
苏联中♥央♥计划经济的失败
to address the failure of Soviet central planning.
20世纪80年代经济摇摇欲坠
The economy was teetering in the 1980s.
军备竞赛
The overall impact of the arms race
以及苏联经济军事化的总体影响
and of the militarization of the Soviet economy
对体制产生破坏
undermined the system
也损害了许多人的生活
and also undermined the lives of many people.
生活水平没有提高
The standard of living was not improving.
这就是体制重构的由来
And that's where perestroika came in.
戈尔巴乔夫开始推行经济改革
Gorbachev starts introducing economic reforms
比如合作企业半资本主义企业
like cooperative businesses, semi-capitalist businesses.
体制重构意味着重建
Perestroika means rebuilding,
主要与经济有关也与政♥治♥有一定关联
and that has to do largely with economics, and to some extent politics.
（社♥会♥主♥义♥的新貌）
戈尔巴乔夫打开了改革的大门
Gorbachev, from above, opens the door to reform,
当他让步一寸时所有人都说："我们想要进一尺"
and when he gives an inch, suddenly everyone says, "Well, we want a mile."
因此抗♥议♥活动在中欧和东欧遍地开花
And so you have protests springing up all across Central and Eastern Europe.
在这方面波兰非常重要
Very important in this context is Poland.
（东德）
（波兰）
（苏联）
（波兰工人罢♥工♥ 1988年）
从冷战刚开始波兰就是俄♥罗♥斯♥的眼中钉
From the very beginning of the Cold War, Poland is a thorn in the Russians' side.
在抵抗和反抗外国统治方面
Poland is a country that has a whole tradition of resistance,
波兰有着悠久的传统
of insurrections against foreign rule.
（1988年）
（1978年）
1978年克拉科夫枢机主教