转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）

Turning Point: The Bomb and the Cold War S01E04

Part 4 March 18, 2024, 3:47 p.m.

with a piece of a mortar with two boxes of, uh, ammunition,
水深会没到脖子
and the water up to your neck.
我们一上岸对方就开始射击
And as soon as we reached shore, the shooting began.
卡斯特罗早等着我们了
Castro was ready for us.
他们先派出了一个配有坦克的千人营
They sent first a battalion of a thousand men with tanks.
然后在下午又派出了一个营
Then they sent another battalion in the afternoon.
然后等到晚上他们用大炮轰炸了我们四个小时
And then at night, they attacked us with artillery for four hours.
我们无法离开海滩太远
We couldn't advance very far from the beach.
我们的重型弹♥药♥全部用完了
We ran out of heavy ammunition completely.
没有食物没有空中掩护
No food, no air cover.
那时我们才真正接受了
That's when we really came to terms with reality
被抛弃和背叛的现实
that we were abandoned and betrayed.
他们俘虏了我们
They captured us.
我们在监狱里待了21个月
We were in prison 21 months.
简直是一场灾难
It was a disaster.
俗话说得好胜者众人捧败兵无人问
There's an old saying that victory has 100 fathers and defeat is an orphan.
通过对声明的详细讨论...
Through the statement's detailed, uh, discussions,
（1961年4月21日）
...我并不会因为我是政♥府♥负责人
I'm not to, uh, conceal responsibility
而推卸责任
because I'm the responsible officer of the government,
只是因为我...这一点非常明显
but merely because I-- And that is quite obvious.
只是因为我不相信在当前的困难形势下
But merely because I do not believe that such a discussion
这样的讨论会给我们带来好处
would benefit us during the present difficult... uh, situation.
事实证明猪湾事件是一次彻底的失败
The Bay of Pigs turned out to be the perfect failure.
所有的计划所有不切实际的行动
All the planning, all the execution of this grandiose,
都源自美国公然的明目张胆的大力干预
blatant, flagrant, active intervention from the United States
这也成了中情局和年轻的新总统
became the biggest fiasco for the CIA
约翰·F·肯尼迪最大的惨败
and for the young new president John F. Kennedy.
坦白说全世界都震惊了
The world, frankly, was aghast.
这导致了极度不寻常的后果
And that led to the most extraordinary consequence,
这让尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫决定
the decision by Nikita Khrushchev to put
在古巴部署中程核导弹
intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Cuba
以震慑美国确保其不会再次
as a way of making sure that the United States would be deterred
入侵古巴
from invading Cuba again,
并且帮助苏联在心理上平衡
and to help the Soviet Union kind of psychologically balance
美国和俄♥罗♥斯♥核武库
the mismatch and the size of the US nuclear arsenal
在规模上的巨大悬殊
and the Russian nuclear arsenal.
苏联在研制洲际弹道导弹时
Soviets were having a hard time
遇到了困难
with intercontinental ballistic missiles.
美国人可以用苏联人尚未掌握的方式投射导弹
The Americans could project power in a way the Soviets couldn't.
比如说苏联没有航♥空♥母舰
Soviets didn't have any aircraft carriers, for example.
于是赫鲁晓夫想出了这个主意
So, Khrushchev came up with this idea.
唯一能吓到他们的方法
Well, the only way to scare them
就是在距离美国 144公里的地方部署导弹
is to put missiles 90 miles from the United States.
（1962年10月）
（古巴）
第一个导弹发射装置是在古巴西部
The first missile installation was under construction
一座名叫圣克里斯托巴尔的小镇附近制♥造♥的
near a town called San Cristóbal
彼时是1962年10月
in Western Cuba in October of '62.
那是一个中程弹道导弹发射装置
It was a medium-range ballistic missile installation.
导弹是通过这些大型船只运送来的
The missiles arrived on these large ships.
苏联人不想让美国的侦察机
The Soviets didn't want American reconnaissance planes
发现发生了什么
to recognize what was happening,
所以船上的人都躲在了甲板下面
so the people on the ships were kept below deck.
突然几辆大卡车在夜幕的掩护下
All of a sudden, there were big trucks coming in
开了进来
under the cover of night.
导弹太大了以至于小镇的街道都在颤抖
They're so huge that the streets in the little town tremble,
卡车都无法转弯
and the trucks can't make it around corners.
古巴警♥察♥会叫人们待在家里
The Cuban police would tell them to stay inside,
但人们会从窗户往外偷看透过窗缝
but they'd peek out their windows, and through the slats,
人们可以看到那些大卡车
people could make out the large trucks
上面装着又大又长的床
with large, long beds.
床上铺着防水布
And on the beds of the truck were tarps.
人们说防水布下面的东西看起来就像大棕榈树
People said that the things under the tarps looked like large palm trees.
有几名间谍和几名古巴叛逃者
The United States had a few spies and a few defectors from Cuba
向美国提供了一些首都哈瓦那以西地区的准确情报
who provided very precise information about areas west of Havana, the capital city,
那里发生了一些非常奇怪的事情
where some very strange things were going on.
情报部门说："总统先生
The intelligence community said, "Mr. President,
请考虑批准U-2侦察机飞越古巴境内"
please consider approving the U-2 spy plane flight over Cuba."
于是他们小心翼翼地规划了一个穿越岛屿的路线
So they carefully plotted out one crossing of the island
间谍表示那里有非常可疑的活动
around where spies had indicated very suspicious activity.
正是这架侦察机在10月14日发现了导弹
It was that flight that found the missiles on October 14th.
在接下来的日子此事被称为古巴导弹危机
The days that followed come to be known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.
在古巴他们称之为古巴十月危机
In Cuba, they call it the Crisis de Octubre,
即十月危机
the Crisis of October.
（1962年10月16日第一天）
肯尼迪非常生气
Kennedy is furious.
（总统办公室录音）
其中一处营地的发射场总共...
The launch site at one of the encampments contains a total
（马歇尔·卡特中情局副局长）
... 至少有14辆覆盖帆布的导弹拖车
of at least 14 canvas-covered missile trailers.
有多先进?
How far advanced is this?
先生我们从未见过这种装置
Sir, we've never seen this kind of an installation before.
在苏联也没见过吗? -是的先生
Not even in the Soviet Union? - No, sir.
（亚瑟·伦达尔）
对我来说这是一个谜
It's a goddamn mystery to me.
我对苏联的了解不多
I don't know enough about the Soviet Union,
但如果有人能告诉我自从柏林封锁以来
but if anybody can tell me any other time since the Berlin blockade
俄♥国♥人什么时候对我们有过如此明显的挑衅
where the Russians have given us so clear a provocation,
我真不知道是什么时候了
I don't know what it's been.
华盛顿用了六天时间进行秘密讨论
For six days, there were secret deliberations in Washington
讨论如何应对导弹的存在
about how to respond to the presence of the missiles.
消除这些导弹的最佳方法是什么?
What would be the best way to get them out?
当然政♥府♥里的几乎每个人
And, of course, almost everybody in the administration
都把注意力集中在侵略行为上
were focused on an act of aggression.
空袭导弹基地
Attack the missile sites by air,
然后发动入侵推♥翻♥古巴政♥权♥
and then launch an invasion for us to unseat the Cuban regime.
军队开始集结大规模的入侵部队
The military started to amass a massive invasion force.
我加入海军陆战队是因为我认为
I joined the Marines because I thought it would be
这将是最具挑战性的任务事实证明确实如此
the most challenging of the services, which it turned out to be.
我被告知我们必须打包行军袋因为我们要去古巴
I was told that we had to pack RC bags because we were going, uh, to Cuba.
（古巴）
作为海军陆战队员我们将计划入侵古巴
We, as Marines, would be planning an invasion of Cuba itself,
那就是我们训练的地方别克斯岛
and that's where we practiced on, the island of Vieques,
我们将在海滩登陆
and landing on the beaches.
我当时在一辆运兵车上
I was aboard a troop transport.
他们把那些吊货网挂在船舷上
And they put these cargo nets over the side,
我们不得不带着背包和步♥枪♥ 带着所有的装备
and we had to climb down these nets with our backpacks and rifles,
爬下这些吊货网爬上那些二战时期的木船
and all our gear into these wooden boats from World War II vintage.
我刚好带了相机
I just happened to have my camera with me,
拍下了当时的混乱状况
and I took photographs of the chaos at the time.
当我们向海滩望去时可以看到
When we looked down the beach as far as you could see,
那里有人员和设备
there was personnel and equipment.
很明显离美国对古巴发动空袭
It was clear that it might be only hours
可能只有几个小时了
before the United States launched air strikes on Cuba.
情况十分危险
The dangers were extraordinary.
中情局估计岛上有8000名苏联人员
The CIA estimated there were 8,000 Soviet personnel on the island.
实际上有42000人
In reality, there were 42,000.
肯尼迪开始认真思考
Kennedy started to actually think through,
"如果最终是我导致这么多苏联士兵的死亡
"If I end up being responsible for the death of that many Soviet soldiers,
尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫会有多大的压力来进行报复呢?
what is the pressure going to be on Nikita Khrushchev to retaliate?"
他会攻击我们作为报复吗? 他会攻击柏林作为报复吗?
"Will he retaliate by attacking us? Will he retaliate by attacking Berlin?"
如果他攻打柏林我们肯定会面临第三次世界大战
"If he attacks Berlin, we will definitely have World War III on our hands."
我们要如何阻止核武器被使用? "
"How will we keep nuclear weapons from being used?"
（1962年10月18日第三天）
真正的问题是
The question really is,
我们是否愿意为消除这些导弹
are we willing to pay some kind of a rather substantial price
（罗伯特·麦克纳马拉国防部长）
付出巨大的代价?
to eliminate these missiles?
代价会很高的
I think the price is going to be high.
你是说核冲突吗?
You mean nuclear exchange?
为了让大家对古巴及其周围的危险区域有所了解
To give you a sense of the danger zone that was developing on and around Cuba,
这里可以看到能够打到美国的导弹
you had missiles that could reach the United States.
前往加勒比海的潜艇上配备了装有核弹头的鱼雷
You had nuclear-tipped torpedoes on submarines headed toward the Caribbean.
在去往古巴的船上也有额外的导弹
And you had additional missiles on ships also going to Cuba.
肯尼迪有什么选择呢?