犹太人的故事（2013）

整个程序包括滑轮与重物拉扯，看起来有些惨不忍♥睹。
so that they could appear
without embarrassment
以便往后与那些崇尚人体美的希腊人在健身房♥里
alongside the body-worshipping
Greeks in the gymnasium.
"赤"诚相见时不至于难为情。
More significantly, the Hebrew Bible
was translated into Greek,
更具重要意义的是，犹太圣经开始有了希腊文译本
an important bridge that connected
Judaism to the wider world.
以此将犹太教与外面的广阔天地相连，让更多其他民族知晓了犹太教义。
But although individual Jews
could cross that bridge,
尽管有许多个例显示犹太人愿意并且的确跨越了文化鸿沟
and many did,
Jewish identity itself could not
但是，犹太身份认知本身--若要坚守自己独特的犹太特性
if it was to remain
distinctly Jewish.
就无法迈出任何跨越的一步。
You could build yourself an elegant
palace in the latest Greek fashion,
“你能盖最潮的希腊式优雅别♥墅♥”
you could speak Greek,
you could dress like a Greek,
“你可以说希腊语，穿希腊装”
you could read the Bible
translated into Greek,
“读希腊文圣经”
you could even tell yourself that
Plato and the Greek philosophers
“甚至你还可以骗骗自己--也许帕拉图和其他那些希腊哲学大家们”
must have read Moses the Lawgiver.
“铁定也都读过立法者摩西的事迹”
But in the end, an absolute fusion
of the two cultures
was actually impossible.
“但是最终，两种文化间的绝对融合实际上终究是空中楼阁。”
Zeus was not a beefier version
of the Jewish God,
“宙斯可不是什么壮男版的耶♥和♥华♥”
and the favourite residence
of that God
“而耶♥和♥华♥最爱的居所也不是什么大理石宫殿”
was not a limestone palace,
but a house of words.
“而是圣经的字里行间”
It was loyalty to this god of words
正是对神圣经♥文♥的忠诚不渝，
that in the end prevented
Jewish identity
最终使犹太民族
from being swallowed whole
by cosmopolitan Greekness.
免遭泽被四海的希腊文明的侵吞
Like the orthodox faithful of today,
正如今日我们镜头中所见的“极端正统犹太教♥徒♥”那样
the lure of assimilation
provoked stubborn resistance.
来自其他文明的同化诱惑反而激起了犹太人固执的反抗
And when a Greek ruler
desecrated the high temple itself,
因此，当某位希腊统治者亵渎圣殿
(即塞琉古王朝的安条克四世，强令在耶城的犹太圣殿塑宙斯像，引发众怒，终至犹太人起义推♥翻♥。
此即修殿节或者光明节的由来详见wiki安条克四世)
and banned circumcision,
并下令禁止割礼之后
resistance turned
into open rebellion.
犹太人的反抗情绪终于演变成了起义.
The Jews, led by the Maccabees,
rose in revolt
犹太人在Maccabee的带领下起兵造♥反♥(史称马加比家族起义)
and established
an independent Jewish state
并最终得胜，(再次)建立起一个独♥立♥的犹太国(即哈斯摩尼王朝-Hasmonean dynasty 请wiki犹大马加比等相关词条)
ruled by priest kings
that lasted for almost a century.
该国以祭司长为国王。国祚延续了近百年。
The Hasmoneans were succeeded
by the decidedly un-priestly
Herod the Great.
后来罗马崛起成为一方霸主，
He owed his throne to the Romans,
他们所扶持的大希律王取代了哈斯摩尼王朝
who'd taken over from the Greeks
as regional superpower,
此人并非祭司，大权独揽。
and he built big and lavishly
in the Roman style -
大希律王任内大兴土木，效仿罗马风格建造了
ports, palaces and aqueducts.
许多港口，宫殿和大引水渠(画面上大水渠遗址在以色列凯撒利亚Caesarea 国家公园)
But he didn't neglect
the high temple either,
当然他也没忘了在圣殿上大作文章
massively extending its lofty perch.
在他治下大幅扩建了(第二)圣殿 (此处lofty perch不明) #
It was this immense pile,
正是这座宏伟华丽的圣殿
with its conveyer belt
of continual sacrifice,
和殿前那川流不息的善男信女以及供奉香火
that in the final century BC
appeared to express most clearly
看似在公元前的最后一个世纪里清楚的表达了
what Judaism was all about.
犹太主义的全部内涵
Not, however, for everyone.
不过并非人人都这么理解 (大希律王在犹太史书上名声很黑)
For some pious Jews,
对于某些犹太卫道士来说
the smoke of temple sacrifice
was in danger of obscuring
圣殿的供奉香火(过于形♥式♥主♥义♥),
the words of Moses's law,
显得喧宾夺主，蒙蔽了摩西律法的光彩
and so they sought out places
where they could bury themselves
in sacred texts
于是一部分坚持自己信仰的犹太人需要找地方清净修行，皓首穷经
and await the coming of the Messiah.
并静静等待救世主的降临。
And what better place to wait
than here,
而这样的所在，当然非Qumran莫属--
on an inhospitable fringe of land
on the shores of the Dead Sea,
位于死海之滨，地处荒无人烟的边陲
far from the swaggering aristocracy
of the temple.
远离喧嚣虚浮，高高在上的圣殿
This is Qumran, where that
astounding collection of documents,
正是在此地，出土了震惊世界的
the Dead Sea Scrolls, was found.
死海古卷
Around the same time
as the birth and death of a Jew
known as Jesus of Nazareth,
这些古老的犹太手抄文献的年代据考证与耶稣的生卒处于同一时代
(Simon的原稿特地使用了"a Jew konwn as Jesus of Nazareth",我觉得这是在表明他的犹太立场，
不相信耶稣基♥督♥是什么大牛救世主，也许对耶稣其人的真实存在以否都存疑.)
this was the place where the sacred
texts of the Jews were pored over
在这里，一群虔诚的犹太隐士
by a group of pious mystics
known as the Yachad.
埋首专研各种经♥文♥。 人称Yachad。
The community of together.
一群为了共同的目标走到一起的人 （听起来好耳熟啊哈哈哈）
(希伯来语Yachad即 "在一起"，英文together)
What a place for a sacred library,
SIMON:"好一个神圣的‘图书馆’..."
an extraordinary collection
of 850 separate manuscripts,
"出土的死海古卷包含了令人惊叹的850卷独♥立♥成章的手抄经♥文♥"
not just the Bible.
"内容不仅是圣经"
There were the wild and wacky
mystical books around its fringe,
“其中还有大量的边缘研究书籍，神秘费解，内容天马行空甚至于怪诞”
so-called wisdom books,
books which revisited the creation
"即所谓‘智慧书’，这些书籍以惊人的新奇视角探讨了"
in startlingly unorthodox ways
“各种创世说” (出土的死海古卷内容包罗万象，有圣乐、书评、智慧书、律法书、伪经，甚至建筑草图与藏宝书....)#
which really explode the idea
of what being Jewish,
“其中有各种引爆眼球的奇葩观点，比如到底怎样才算犹太人”
what the Jewish sacred texts were,
“犹太人的神圣经♥文♥到底都说了什么等等”
because these were
incredibly imaginative.
“这些典籍内容实在是充满不可思议的想像力”
Angels and demons, a demon
wrestling with the creation of God,
“什么天使啦，恶魔啦，什么恶魔大战创世神啦...” #
stalk through the scrolls among the
Book Of Jubilees, the Book Of Enoch.
“一大堆的奇思怪想充满了古卷的字里行间， 包括《Jubilees书》，《Enoch书》...”
And, you know,
I always think when I stand here,
“对我来说，站在此地，我其实一直在想，”
it's not just the rocks of the
caves, not just the Dead Sea,
“(当时的那些犹太隐士们)视线所及并非只是乱石窟和远处的死海”
but this immense dome of the sky
seen by day and night.
“他们所能感受到其实是天穹无垠，日夜流转，”#
They were great sky watchers,
astronomers, astrologers,
“这些人里不乏出色的天象观察者，天文学者，占星家”
obsessed with the run of time.
“他们痴迷于时光流逝，斗转星移”
It was in this huge vault,
hung with stars,
“注视着天穹之上，繁星万点”
all this enormous blue expanse,
that they saw their visions.
“于无限蔚蓝中，他们似乎出神视物”
They could see the demons
and the angels walk through it,
“他们脑海中不断浮现着各种神怪”
they could see the battles
between the sons of darkness
and the sons of light,
“他们眼中仿佛目睹着光明与黑暗之子的恶斗”
they could see the great upheavals
of the cosmic acts of creation
and destruction.
“他们还能见证宇宙巨变，沧海桑田...” (我看都是生活太艰苦，饿出来的幻觉)
This was as close as you could get
to the rough hand of God.
“对于他们来说， 这基本就是与上帝零距离接触！”
In the cool laboratories
of the Dead Sea Scrolls Project
in Jerusalem,
(离开烈日炙烤的Qumran遗址，)回到位于耶路撒冷的死海古卷项目的阴凉实验室里
it's possible to come face to face
with the holy books
that so gripped the Yachad,
我们终于得以面对面的一窥死海古卷真迹，正是这些神圣的卷轴当年将Yachad犹太隐士们牢牢系于荒野，为之穷尽一生。
thanks to the work
of a team of specialists
这一切都要归功于这一队专家，
who preserve, record and publish
these extraordinary documents.
维护，记录并公开出版了这些非凡的文献资料。
Yes, so what you see in front of you
女声：“你看，我们眼前这是目前总数达1260份的
is a plate, one of 1,260.
其中一份重新修复的古卷”
In this case, it's of parchment.
"眼前这份， 是羊皮纸手稿"
80% of the scrolls
are written on parchment,
"其实呢， 死海古卷有8成是羊皮纸"
20% are written on papyrus,
"剩下2成是纸莎草稿件"
and this is a sample of one of
the copies of the community rule,
我们看的这份，是Yachad社团的行为守则其中的一页残样(片)
and the portion in the copy
that talks about the prohibition
残片里这部分讲的是在安息日
of doing any kind of work
on the Sabbath,
禁止一切劳作
except, of course, what is allowed
or what is demanded of one.
当然，除了那些教规允许的活动，或者被要求必须要做的事”
Hmm. OK?
And you see
we're saving every little scrap...
女声：“你看，我们要做到修复保存每一个小残片”
A micro-tiny scrap, yes. Every
little scrap of parchment is saved.