犹太人的故事（2013）

"是根本相悖的"
[echad 希伯莱文意即 one]
Two,Father and Son, had Jews scratching their beards.
"其次， 是圣父与圣子之说，---犹太小伙伴们都惊呆了"
Three,the Holy Spirit.
"其三，还有圣灵 " (以上就是基♥督♥宗教的三位一体（Trinity）理论)
Why not five?
(犹太人再次莫名惊诧， 唯一真神都能被你楞整出仨...)
"那为啥不整五个出来？"
And it was Paul who repeated the sinister notes
保罗还一再重复(宣扬)早期福音书里
sounded in the early Christian gospels.
的那条用心险恶的注脚
The Jews as Christ killers,
无数次的强调： 是犹太人谋杀了基♥督♥
crying out before Jesus's crucifixion,
因为根据新约记载，犹太人在基♥督♥被钉十字架之前
"His blood be on us and on our children."
狂吼着:"他的血归到我们、和我们的子孙身上"
[节自马太福音第27章. 大意就是彼拉多判处耶稣钉十字架之前卖♥♥乖撂挑子,犹太人甘当接盘侠. ]
And where Paul went,cruder, fiercer Church fathers followed.
比起保罗， 追随而来的教堂神父们，更是"青出于蓝",
诋毁和妖魔化犹太人不遗余力。
Like the Syrian Bishop of Antioch, John Chrysostom,
他们中的"佼佼者"---比如 叙利亚安提俄克主教，John Chrysostom
（安提阿的约翰，一译约翰·克利索斯图）
[安提俄克（古叙利亚首都，现土耳其南部城市）]
aka Golden Mouth.
又名: 金口约翰 (约347—407)
Chrysostom was bent on making it impossible
此人是铁了心的要制♥造♥
for Jews and Christians to live together.
基♥督♥徒对犹太人的仇恨情绪
So in his sermons,the Jews became people who consorted with devils,
他一布道就唾沫飞溅的大肆宣扬犹太人与魔鬼如何沆瀣一气
demons dancing in the synagogue.
犹太教堂里如何的鬼影憧憧，群魔乱舞
And they themselves were inhuman monsters
犹太人是如何的非人怪物...等等等等...
who - in his words - sacrificed their sons and daughters to devils,

在金口约翰的嘴里，犹太人“弑子弑女献祭于魔鬼”
outraging nature, worse than wild beasts.
真乃"禽兽不如，人神共愤，天地不容！"
There was a reason for Chrysostom's hostility.
当然，金口约翰的敌意并非空穴来风
His flock was in the infuriating habit of visiting synagogues
因为，令他震怒的是，他的(部分)信众(偏好)上犹太教堂
to be enthralled by Jewish sermons,
也更哈犹太教的布道
seeking out Jews to cure their ills and bless their crops.
他的信众们找的是犹太人帮他们治病或者为庄稼祈福...
[抢地盘抢生意来着...不能忍♥啊...]
Obviously,coexistence with these Christ-killing,
很显然，与这些弑主杀幼的魔道中人共处于世
child-killing devil people was out of the question.
(在金口约翰)看来是断无可能了
For Chrysostom, only one conclusion was possible -
他眼里的唯一可行之道，
physically avoid these people as you would a leper,
就是像对待麻风病人那样，从肉体上避免接触犹太人
shun them like a walking sickness.
必须刻意避开犹太人，因为他们基本上就是长了脚的肿瘤。 #
Within a generation of Golden Mouth's death,
结果， 金口约翰死后不足百年
his fulminations had become official imperial policy.
他的反犹谬论就成为罗马帝国的官方政策(加以实施):
Jews were excluded from all public employment.
犹太人被禁止从事大众行业
It became illegal to build new synagogues,
建造新的犹太教堂被视为非法
and they were ultimately forbidden from assembling in public at all.
直至最后犹太人被禁止举♥行♥任何形式的当众聚会
The Mishna even became a banned book.
Mishna律法集 甚至被列为禁书。
The Christian empire was pushing the Jews into the shadows.
基♥督♥教帝国实际上已(通过一系列的妖魔化宣传)
将犹太人推入社会的犄角旮旯.
But there were places in the medieval world
不过，在中世纪世界某些地方，
where Jews could live in the light.
犹太人却的确可以堂堂正正的挺胸做人
In our own age of bitter hatreds, it's not so easy to believe,
以我们如今阿犹世仇的固定思维与眼光来看简直难以置信
but over 1,000 years ago, Cairo was home
可是---逾千年前的开罗却正是这么个所在，
to one of the most thriving Jewish communities in the world.
那里有当时世界上最兴旺的犹太社区之一
And that story was repeated across the Eastern Mediterranean
这样的例子在 东地中海地区屡见不鲜
and in Arabia itself.
在阿♥拉♥伯半岛也不少.
The birthplace of a powerful new monotheistic faith -
而阿♥拉♥伯半岛，也正是另一种新兴一神信仰的诞生地---
Islam.
伊♥斯♥兰♥教
MAN: Allahu Akhbar...
(伊♥斯♥兰♥语祷告:"真♥主♥至上...")
With no accusation of Christ-killing to contend with,
在伊♥斯♥兰♥的世界里，并没有关于"犹太人谋杀基♥督♥"的荒谬指控
[我觉得是默♥罕♥默♥德♥草创期要争取犹太同盟.摒弃了这种说法]
Jews under Islam were spared
远离那些来自基♥督♥教世界的妖魔化与迫♥害♥
the demonisation they suffered in Christendom.
此处的犹太人得以免受无妄之灾
According to later Islamic sources,
根据后世伊♥斯♥兰♥方面的相关记载
there seems to have been an early moment
貌似在犹太人与穆♥斯♥林♥接触的早期阶段
when Jews and Muslims might have been
两者或曾和谐共处
part of a common community of believers.
都属于由信徒组成的共同公社群体的一部分#
[这里的believers应该大部分指穆♥斯♥林♥.622年穆♥罕♥默♥德♥出走麦地那，于此创立了一个由'迁士'和'辅士'两部分融成政教合一的宗教公社，包括麦地那土著阿♥拉♥伯人和犹太人，也包括迁徙归附的各地各部阿♥拉♥伯游牧民，称'a1-Ummah'. 可以理解为红都那个延那个安 ^_^]
In the document of the Ummah,
在关于Ummah社区的记载中 ##
[Ummah 阿♥拉♥伯语意为'人♥民♥'或是'阿♥拉♥伯的穆♥斯♥林♥人口(民)'.也可以指全世界的穆♥斯♥林♥社区]
it was said that Jews have their religious law
犹太人自有本族的宗教律法
and Muslims have their religious law.
对应的穆♥斯♥林♥也有
And many of the practices of the new religion
而穆♥斯♥林♥方面制定的宗教律法，从犹太人处
drew on those of the old.
借鉴良多.
In one of the first mosques ever built,in the city of Medina,
在麦地那的某个早期建成的清♥真♥寺内
the direction of prayer indicated by the qibla,or the prayer niche,
穆♥斯♥林♥的朝拜方向不是麦加，
[qibla阿♥拉♥伯语= 穆♥斯♥林♥祈祷时必须面对麦加方向=麦加朝向]
was towards the holy city of Jerusalem.
而是指向圣城耶路撒冷。
CHANTING
The Jews had been in Medina for centuries
在伊♥斯♥兰♥信仰抵达麦地那之前
before the arrival of Islam.
犹太人就已经世居此地
They ran the city's main market as they did in many Arabian towns.
和其他阿♥拉♥伯城镇相同的是， 麦地那的犹太人也管着主要市集
[犹太人在经济文化上都比后来的阿♥拉♥伯人高明许多.这也是后来双方撕破脸的主要导火索.长工有了枪.就要革地主的命...]
They spoke Arabic
他们不但说阿♥拉♥伯语
and appeared to have used the Arabic name for God - Allah.
而且还有证据显示他们用阿♥拉♥伯的方式称呼上帝---阿♥拉♥
But the Jews in Medina simply could not accept Muhammad
不过...麦地那犹太人根本不可能接受
as a new prophet of God.
关于默♥罕♥默♥德♥是上帝新指派的先知这种说法
[犹太人本来就不承认非犹太人先知,因而也就否认穆♥罕♥默♥德♥的先知地位]
Their religion insisted that the age of prophets was over,
在犹太人看来， 先知的时代早以过去
[最后一任先知就是摩西]
that God no longer spoke directly to man.
上帝不再会直接与子民对话
The Jews turned bitterly and publicly critical,
鉴于这些信仰，犹太人(对默♥罕♥默♥德♥的传教的批判)显得公开，刻薄
and were accused of treason.
因此，被(穆♥斯♥林♥社团)指为叛逆
Two Jewish tribes were exiled from Medina
两个犹太部落被逐出麦地那
[基本就是伊♥斯♥兰♥草创-麦加难容-长征去麦地那-与当地阿♥拉♥伯人犹太人联盟-韬晦-农村包围城市-强大-与犹太人蜜月结束-内斗-犹太人落败-默♥罕♥默♥德♥全胜]
and hundreds of Jewish men massacred,
同时又数以百计的犹太人遭屠♥杀♥
their women and children enslaved.
留下的孤儿寡母全部为奴
[627年底.穆♥斯♥林♥借口麦地那的犹太人古赖兹部在'堑壕战役'中暗中接济麦加人,战役结束就包围该部住地达1个月,迫其投降。穆♥斯♥林♥某族头领下令杀死古赖兹男子600人,妇女儿童为奴,犹太人的全部土地归于穆♥斯♥林♥。]
But the breathtaking success of the Arab conquest
在默♥罕♥默♥德♥死后数十年间，阿♥拉♥伯穆♥斯♥林♥在新月旗下南征北战
in the decades following the death of Muhammad
取得令人心惊的成果(拿下整个阿♥拉♥伯半岛和周边大♥片♥土地)
transformed the antagonism of a rival
从在野抵抗组织游击队摇身一变
into the lofty stance of a victor.
成为高高在上的胜利者。
The dominion of the faithful would soon spread all the way
安♥拉♥治下的疆域无远弗届
from Spain to Afghanistan.
东至阿富汗， 西至伊比利亚半岛(即西班牙)
Secure within the borders of their empire,
同时，穆♥斯♥林♥按照'dhimmis'标准来对待那些
Muslims treated Jews and Christians as dhimmis -
新征服土地上的犹太人与基♥督♥徒臣民，
[dhimmis阿♥拉♥伯语可以理解为'非穆♥斯♥林♥臣民'.也译作 迪米人=未改宗伊♥斯♥兰♥教而仍保持原来信仰的 原住民，社会地位低，必须缴纳包括土地税和人头税在内的一切捐税，并且不能担任公职，也不得反对穆♥斯♥林♥。
说白了只要交税听话.你爱拜谁拜谁. ]
tolerated inferiors.
可以理解为 '摘帽右♥派♥'
Jews and Christians couldn't build synagogues or churches
犹太人和基♥督♥徒可以新建各自的教堂，
higher than mosques. They couldn't ride horses -
但是不能高过清♥真♥寺。 这两种人都不能骑马--
very important matter of dignity in the Middle Ages.
因为在中世纪，能骑马的都是高大上.(而如今的穆♥斯♥林♥就是高大上)
They could ride donkeys, but only side-saddle,like women.
不过这两种人可以骑小毛驴--条件是只能像女人那样侧着骑...
And it was under Islam
而且在伊♥斯♥兰♥治下
that distinctions of religion were defined by dress.
不同的宗教信仰可以通过服饰区分
The yellow badge,the yellow hat, the yellow coat
黄色饰章，黄色帽子，还有黄色外套
[犹太人必须穿戴这些羞辱性标识，好让伊♥斯♥兰♥统治者们一眼看出谁是犹太人.穆♥斯♥林♥发明后来被纳粹抄袭.看过辛德勒名单你懂得.]
first happened under Islam.
这些都是伊♥斯♥兰♥教发明的
And given the kind of conditions in the Middle Ages,
而且呢，那是中世纪，你懂得--
most dangerously of all,
什么最危险--
they were not allowed to carry any sort of weapons,
所以，这两种人都不准携带任何管♥制♥刀♥具♥...
which meant that Jews and Christians
因此对于那时的犹太人和基♥督♥徒来说
were open and vulnerable to harassment and assault.
各种骚扰与袭击是家常便饭，而且他们毫无还手之力。
All the same,this was a whole lot better for the Jews
即便如此，这样的生活对于犹太人来说，
than being treated as a demon in human guise,
比起原先在基♥督♥教世界里天天被骂为披着人皮的妖的日子
a kind of walking infection, by Christendom.
还是好过许多。 因为你不再是‘长了脚的传染病’那样，
人人唾弃，避之不及
Which is why, during the Islamic Middle Ages,
这就是为什么在中世纪，
over 90% of all Jews lived, and often flourished and prospered,
有逾九♥成♥的犹太人
in the Islamic world.
在伊♥斯♥兰♥世界里算是'安居乐业'的。
We might never have known the truth
得益于苏格兰双胞胎姐妹Agnes Lewis 和 Margaret Gibson的发现
about the lives of Jews under medieval Islam
我们才能一探中世纪伊♥斯♥兰♥世界里
had it not been for Scottish twins Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson,
犹太人的真实生活状况
[Agnes Lewis和Margaret Gibson，苏格兰双胞胎姐妹，闺名Agnes Smith和Margaret Smith，非常牛逼的闪语学研究者.人称'西敏寺姐妹花
who were swept up in the Victorian craze for the Middle East.
当时的维多利亚时代，一股(研究)中世纪的热潮席卷全英。
这姐妹俩受影响也投身其中
Nosing around the markets of Cairo one day,
某日，开罗集市上，这俩业余史学粉在古玩堆里淘宝的时候
these amateur historians came across some decrepit-looking documents
偶遇几卷残破的古文件
which aroused their curiosity.
内容令俩人十分好奇
Their friend,the Cambridge scholar Solomon Schechter,
她们的朋友-剑桥学者Solomon Schechter
identified one of their finds
鉴定文件其中之一是
as a fragment of the Hebrew Book of Ecclesiasticus.
是希伯莱圣经-德训篇的残本
[类似《箴言》,或名《西拉智训》.据说是公元前200-175年的犹太人Joshua ben Sira所作.原书名The Book of the
All-Virtuous Wisdom of Joshua ben Sira.
拉丁通行本称为‘教会经典’（Ecclesiasticus）.由于各种未知原因，此书的希伯莱文原文版遗失，且未被纳入圣经.存世的只有希腊译本.似乎可以作为圣经外传一类来看待.]
Hearing that the source of those documents
Solomon Schechter进而得知这些古文件源于
was the Ben Ezra synagogue in Cairo,
开罗的Ben Ezra犹太教堂
Schechter came here eager for more.
于是他前往该地，急于找到更多相关史籍
And he got far more than he bargained for.
一番讨价还价之后，他大有斩获
Over 300,000 documents found in the synagogue's genizah,