犹太人的故事（2013）

可惜的是， 那些同胞的存在对那时的基♥督♥教社会来说是如鲠在喉
# Shabbat shalom. #
[希伯莱语意即peaceful sabbath， 安息日喜乐]
It was a story that was soon to spread across Europe.
这样的事，将很快波及欧洲 (被争相效仿)
To be in Seville during semana santa,
如果你在复活节前的"圣周"--即semana santa之时
the holy week before Easter,
造访西班牙塞维利亚的话
is to enter the world of medieval Christendom.
你就像是穿过时光回到中世纪的基♥督♥世界
Hooded figures move through clouds of incense.
戴着尖顶帽的人们穿行于烟雾缭绕之中
And thousands of penitents, some barefoot,
成千的忏悔者走来走去， 其中一些赤足
others carrying heavy crosses,
还有些扛着沉重的十字架
walk through the night in emulation of the suffering of Christ.
在夜色中穿行，试图仿效基♥督♥之受难
This procession dates back to the time when the medieval Church
这种游♥行♥仪式可以追溯到中世纪，
became increasingly concerned with conformity of belief and ritual.
因为彼时的教会对于信仰和宗教仪式的遵行不悖是否得到彻底执行，
显得日趋担忧
[因此搞这一大套群体活动来巩固信仰]
It's easy to imagine how uncomfortable
我们不难想见彼时西班牙土地上的犹太人
this changing mood must have been
对于这种风向变化
for the Jews of medieval Christian Spain.
是多么的心怀惴惴
As the pursuit of Christian orthodoxy gathered pace,
随着对于基♥督♥教正统教义的狂热追求不断升温
Jews were seen as a malevolent fifth column
犹太人再次遭殃，他们被目为潜伏在
inside Christian society.
基♥督♥教社会里的第五纵队/包藏祸心的内奸
[fifth column 第五纵队= 卧底 ，词源自现代西班牙内战] #
Their obstinacy was standing in the way of the Second Coming,
他们的特立独行与固执己见对于基♥督♥复临
and the universal victory of Christ.
和基♥督♥教的一统天下简直就是绊脚石
[Second Coming=基♥督♥复临,是基♥督♥教义中对于耶稣基♥督♥重临人世的期盼
到时候铁定文成武德，喜大普奔...]
In the eyes of the Church, that longed-for moment
在教会看来， 非得先让犹太人都改宗了，
could only happen with the mass conversion of the Jews.
要不他们那望眼欲穿的时刻是不会到来的。
But rather than forcing the Jews to convert at sword-point,
不过呢， 这回基♥督♥徒们要文斗不要武斗
the Church engaged in a theological battle
他们展开精心准备的神学理论攻势
designed to show the truth of Christianity
誓要犹太人明白什么是
and the folly of the Jews.
基♥督♥教真理和犹太教"歪"理
In towns like Girona in northern Spain,
比如西班牙北部的镇子Girona
home to one of the most learned Jewish communities
那里有中世纪基♥督♥教世界里
in medieval Christendom,
最饱学的犹太社区
new orders of friars, the Dominicans and Franciscans,
一群新出现的修道士---
(也就是我们今天所熟知的)多明我会修士们和方济会的修士们
[也作道明会(天主教托钵修会之一)和圣方济各会]
launched an attack on the Jews and on the sacred books
对犹太人和他们的圣经发起论战
that had preserved their identity for 1,000 years.
--而正是这部圣书--在过去1000年里帮助保持了犹太人的身份认知
The Church had always had a problem
教会每次要对付犹太人
when it came to dealing with the Jews.
都很头痛
It couldn't attack their Old Testament,
因为他们无法攻击自己手上的《旧约》圣经
[旧约圣经 = 犹太教圣经]
because the scripture contained prophesies of Christ's coming.
正是旧约里包含了对基♥督♥临世的预言
You couldn't have a New Testament without an Old Testament.
而《旧约》正是《新约》的基石
So the Jews had to be protected and preserved
因此，教会必须保护犹太人
as witnesses to the miracle they were too blind,
以便让他们亲眼目睹奇迹.
fanatical or stubborn to admit.
因为犹太人总是执迷不悟，猪油蒙心，固执己见的不愿意承认(我主基♥督♥)
One day,perhaps they would.
当然了， 也许总有一天他们会低头的....
But now,as far as the heresy hunters were concerned,
不过在那时， 在那些致力于铲除宗教异端学说的人们看来
things had changed.
事情已经有了变化
These were no longer Bible Jews, they were Talmud Jews.
这些犹太人已经不再是遵循圣经的犹太人，他们已经"变质"为
只读Talmud经的犹太人
And what was this Talmud, this oral law anyway,
再"看看那Talmud经，那口传律法集到底是啥货色 ?"
but a load of endless arguments?
"啊，只不过是记载了一大堆无休止的争论而已"
By their own standards,the Jews had betrayed their own scripture.
"所以呢，即便以犹太人自己的标准来衡量，他们早就背弃了自家的圣经"
And with that betrayal,
"那么， 既然他们犹太人要自绝于列祖列宗"
their protection had gone right out of the window.
"那(原先基于《旧约》《新约》一体之下的对于他们的)
保护就无从谈起啦"
In 1263,the Church organised a public showdown
1263年，教会组织了一次基♥督♥徒和犹太教♥徒♥之间的
between Christians and Jews.
公开对决(辩论)
Leading the Christian charge was Pablo Christiani,
基♥督♥教一方的主辩是Pablo Christiani---
a Dominican friar and convert from Judaism.
是一位改宗犹太人+多明我会修士
While the man with the task of defending Judaism
犹太人这边， 领头抗战的是被称为Nahmanides的
was Moses ben Nahman, known as Nahmanides,
犹太拉比Moses ben Nahman
a deeply learned rabbi from the Jewish quarter here in Girona.
此人学富五车，来自Girona本地犹太城区
Christiani,the convert, set out to use passages
改宗犹太人Christiani开始引用
about the coming of the Messiah in the Torah and the Talmud,
圣经和Talmud经♥文♥集里关于弥赛亚(救世主)将临的段落
to prove that the Jews had, in their own sacred text,
来证明犹太人自己的圣经里老早就
predicted the coming of Jesus Christ the Messiah all along.
预言过救世主耶稣基♥督♥的到来
The theological show trial, known as the Barcelona Disputation,
这场被后世称为"巴塞罗那辩论"的神学审判秀
began on July 20th,1263.
开始于1263年7月20日
In front of a packed Christian audience,
台上台下坐满了基♥督♥教观众
including the King and the leading clergy of the land.
其中包括皇室和最高神职人员
Most dramatic...
Leon:"最富戏剧性的是..."
'Leon Wieseltier sees the debate as one of the most moving events
我的老友-Leon Wieseltier 将此事件视为
'in the history of medieval Judaism.'
中世纪犹太教历史上头号♥感人之事
It's pretty clear that Nahmanides was an unbelievably courageous man
LEON:"我们可以相当确定的是，1263那一年，
Nahmanides在那三天，那炎热的三天里"
in those three days, those three summer days in 1263.
"表现出了难以置信的勇气"
Here was a man who stood up alone,
"他孤军作战"
he had no force of any kind to count on
"靠的只是自己的渊博学识与坚毅果敢的精神"
except his own spiritual and intellectual force.
"除此以外一无所有"
He was helpless, quite literally helpless,
"他面对来自教会 和 世俗王权"
before the power of the Church
"的强大压力"
and before the secular power of the King.
"可以说是孤立无援的。"
As he tells the King of Spain,
他对西班牙国王说：
"You think that the Messiah is the centre of Judaism.
“如果你以为救世主说是犹太教的中心”
"You're wrong,he isn't. You are a king and he is a king.
“那你就错了， 救世主并非犹太教的中心，他和你一样，只是一个王”
"You are a king of flesh and blood, and he is a king of flesh and blood."
“都是有血有肉的人间帝王而已”
He said,"Well,if the Messiah is your version of the Messiah,
他接着说：“那么，如果世人所期盼的救世主，就是您心中的那位--耶稣基♥督♥”
[Messiah 弥赛亚 ，希伯莱语意为：救世主]
"then two things should have happened.
“那至少有两件事现在已经发生过了”
"One,all my predecessors would have converted a long time ago." Right.
“其一，我的所有前任们就早都应该皈依改宗了才是”
"And secondly,the reign of peace would have broken out."
“其二，世界和平应该早就实现了”
Right,it didn't happen. "Forgive me,but I don't actually notice that much peace."
“好吧...额...世界没有和平对吧...”
“请恕我冒昧，不过我没觉得这世间有多和平”
This goes to the heart of the difference between
所以，他的发言直指两种弥赛亚♥情♥结的核心差异---
the Jewish messianic temperament and the Christian messianic temperament.
犹太人的 与基♥督♥徒的
Think of it this way -
你也可以这么想
the problem for Jews is that we wait and wait and wait and wait
犹太人的问题是， 我们等到天荒地老，海枯石烂
and he doesn't come.
可弥赛亚就是不来
The problem for the Christians is that he came
反观基♥督♥教那边呢， 他们的弥赛亚--耶稣基♥督♥倒是来过
and the world did not change. Right.
可是人间依旧乌烟瘴气
The Jews will always so arrange matters
犹太人的对这种事情的安排是：“救世主能来当然好，哪天都行”
that they will never wake up on the morning after the Messiah arrives
“不过我希望隔天早上最好我能长梦不醒”
because the risk is much too great.
因为风险太大
Because the world will still be the world,
万一救世主来了，世界还保持那副鸟样咋办？
到那时候我是该拜他还是该骂他？
and if you've been aspiring to a transformation and it comes,
就像你天天开门盼闯王
and things are not transformed, then you are bereft.
可是闯王来了照纳粮.... 那得多悲催啊...
And when Nahmanides says to the Christians,
所以， 当年Nahmanides对全场的基♥督♥徒说道：
"He couldn't have been the Messiah because look at the world,
"耶稣基♥督♥并不是救世主，因为你四下看看"
"there are wars,there is suffering. Look at the world."
“说好的干戈载戢呢？ 说好的疾苦不再呢？ 你们看看啊，这世界哪里有变好那么一丁半点？”
For the Christian establishment, the presence in their midst
随着时日渐长，对基♥督♥教来说，在他们的体制里横插--
of people with such obstinately different beliefs became unbearable.
这么一拨信仰完全不搭调还又臭又硬的犹太人，变得愈发无法忍♥受
With increasing ferocity, they asked themselves,
基♥督♥教♥徒♥们心中戾气渐生， 自问
"What place did the Jews have in Christian Spain?"
"这批犹太人到底有啥权利赖在我们西班牙,赖在基♥督♥教的世界里？"
And the answer came back,"None."
答案是： “没权利”
Either they must convert or suffer the consequences.
所以嘛...犹太人，你要不改宗， 要不...就给你颜色看！
Here in Seville,those consequences were spelt out in brutal fashion,
回到当年的塞维利亚，此地给犹太人看的"颜色"--
就是：白刀进，红刀出
with a massacre of 4,000 Jews on a single day in 1391.
1391年，一天内就屠了4000名犹太人
An act that triggered horrifying violence against Jews
暴行继而波及西班牙各地
all across Spain.
引发了针对犹太人的各种恐怖迫♥害♥
After that,a third of Sephardic Jews did convert,
此后， 有3成西班牙犹太人被迫改宗
but even that didn't solve "the Jewish problem".
即使如此， 所谓的"犹太问题"依然无法解决
Could the sincerity of the converts be trusted now?
因为改宗的那些人到底诚心与否依旧令人生疑
Who knew what they really thought and believed?
谁知道那些犹太人心里在打什么小九九？！
This is the Iglesia de la Magdalena in Seville.
塞维利亚的Iglesia de la Magdalena
The first headquarters of the Spanish Inquisition,
在西班牙历史上率先成为宗教裁判所大本营
designed to root out the pretenders from the true believers.
成立宗教裁判所的目的，就是要从真信徒的队伍里清除叛徒
But the torture and burning of thousands
可是，即便恐怖折磨与火刑摧残了成千的'叛徒'
did nothing to ease the paranoia.
却无法让审判官们的妄想症减轻丝毫。
Converts could never be trusted
改宗基♥督♥教的犹太人都算历史污点，不能完全信任
while there were still Jews in Spain to lure them back to the old faith.
同时'革命队伍'还要面对那些不肯改宗的死硬派犹太人的各种'引诱'
万一'立场松动'重新'投敌'可怎么得了？？？
So the Jews had to go.
所以呢， 犹太人必须滚出西班牙！
The date on this parchment-bound volume is 1492.